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Keynote delivered at Games, Learning, and Society 2010.
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The Intertwingling of Openness and Data in the Future of Education
David Wiley, PhDDepartment of Instructional Psychology & Technology
Brigham Young University
About This Talk
http://slideshare.net/opencontent/
#gls2010
The Bible
If the Book Didn’t Change Schools
Can the computer?Can the internet?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/gls-conference/4687537285/
Can Games?
Character Classes
Full: Designer, Developer, Researcher
Needed: Legislator, Superintendent, Principal, Teacher
With Apologies to Allan Collins
“Education (reform) doesn’t work unless you’re willing to take
responsibility.”
Openness… In Education?
Let’s begin by defining terms
Open, adj.
Describes educational artifacts
Open Textbooks
Open Educational Resources
Open Courseware
(Open Source Software)
Open, adj.
Teaching materials freely shared with permissions to engage in the “4R” activities
The 4Rs
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others
Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others
Communicate 4Rs Permissions
Since this overrides default copyright,you must use a copyright license
Offers easy to use 4R’s licenses
20092007 20082006200520042003
CC Licensed Items Online (Millions)
50
100
150
200
250
While Nouns Differ…
The operationalizing actions are the same
Open, adj.
Generous, sharing, giving
Open, adj.
Providing (1) access and (2) local control
Your Inner Two-year Old
Overcoming the impulse to scream“Mine!”
Law and Policy “Enable” Us
To shout “Mine!” ever more loudly,convulse ever more uncontrollably,
and hit each other with ever larger toys
Society’s Siren Song
“Be selfish. Keep it to yourself. Sue your neighbor.
It’s legal. It’s ok.”
Education Is Not Immune
This kind of thinking is accepted
Educational Games Aren’t Immune
This kind of thinking is accepted
Role of Openness in Education?
A terrible, insidious question
Openness is the only means of doing education
If There Is No Sharing…
There is no education
Education, n.
A relationship of sharing
Successful Educators
Share most thoroughly with the most students
Expertise Is Nonrivalrous
Can be given without being given away
“He who receives ideas from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine receives light without darkening me.”
Thomas Jefferson
Teachers Would Be Like Bees!
They could only teach once
Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away
Expressions Are Different
To give a book you must give it away
Expressions Are Different
Digital expressions are nonrivalrous
n’t^
E.g., Online Book
We can all read simultaneously
An Indescribable Advance
The first time in human history
Expertise and Its Expressions
Give without giving away
Unprecedented Capacity
We can share as never before
Unprecedented Capacity
We can educate as never before
(Education Involves More)
(It turns out the Internet is pretty goodat facilitating these other things as
well.)
Sharing the Stage
Technology always plays opposite it’s nemesis, policy
15th Century
Perhaps the greatest technological advance ever
15th Century
Also the most draconian restrictions on information dissemination ever
The Bible
Huge demand for vernacular editions, but illegal (and expensive)
Instead of Obliging…
Ramped up production of “indulgences” and stricter laws against vernacular editions
“Whosoever reads the Scriptures in the mother tongue, shall forfeit land, cattle, life, and goods from their heirs forever, and so be condemned for heretics to God, enemies to the crown, and most arrant traitors to the land.”
English Law, 1414
Collision
Powerful new technology,huge demand,
outdated thinking reinforced by law
The Reformation
Powerful new technology,huge demand,
outdated thinking reinforced by law
Alas
Our day isn’t that different
Learning Management Systems
Technology perverted against its own potential, made to conceal and
withhold
“Lids Down, Please!”
Faculty refuse to compete for attention
2008 Professor in Southern US
Claimed (C) of his class lectures, declared student notes derivative works, and
asserted control over their use
Makes Me Wonder…
Can they ever become professors?Can they ever be employed?
Soaring Demand for Education
120M in post-secondary education worldwide150M more projected to enter
In India Alone, They Need…
2400 new universities in the next 25 years
One new university every two weeks
Collision
Powerful new media and technology,ravenous demand,
outdated thinking reinforced by policy
Sound Familiar?
Education is on the edge of its own Reformation
Will We Reform Internally?
Or will factions and sects have to split off?
What Does Reform Look Like?
We only need to look at society around us…
Analog Digital
Music, Phones, TV, Newspapers,Movies, Journals, Communications,
Intelligence, Defense
Tethered Mobile
Phones, Internet Access,Employment
Isolated Connected
People, Content, Systems
Generic Personal
Cars, Computers, Mobile Phones
Consuming Creating
Radio / Podcasting, Newspapers / Blogs Movies / Vodcasting
Closed Open
Software (OSs, Applications), Content (Blogs, Wikis)
Then vs NowAnalog Digital
Tethered Mobile
Isolated Connected
Generic Personal
Consumption Creating
Closed Open
Education vs EverydayAnalog Digital
Tethered Mobile
Isolated Connected
Generic Personal
Consumption Creating
Closed Open
“Daily Divide” Is a Huge Threat
And the wider the disconnect, the less relevant higher education feels
What About E-learning?
What About E-learning?
Very innovative in 1995!
Characteristics of E-learning
Analog or Digital
Tethered or Mobile
Isolated or Connected
Generic or Personal
Consuming or Creating
Closed or Open
Connecting
You can’t connect to something if you don’t have access to it
Personalizing
You can’t adapt or localize somethingif you don’t have permission
Creating
You won’t be creative if there’s no outlet for your work
Technology Already Enables
Policy, law, and tradition prohibit
Institutional Openness
Some examples…
Individual Openness
Some examples… on a budget
Character Classes
• Bard - Master of the lore, history, and politics of the field, know what's “out there”
• Artisan - Has materials production skills in all the necessary Web 1.0 and 2.0 tools like HTML, video sharing, podcasting
• Monk Master of copyright and licensing arcana and defender of the university brand
• Merchant Deals with short- and long-term sustainability issues
• Level 1 – 22 XP• Level 2 – 40 XP• Level 3 – 65 XP• Level 4 – 105 XP• Level 5 – 160 XP• Level 6 – 230 XP• Level 7 – 365 XP
• Level 7 – A• Level 6 – B• Level 5 – C• Level 4 or below - F
Leveling Up “Grades”
Let’s Talk Data
Each and Every Interaction
Recorded and stored for analysisto improve quality of service / experience
If Only We Could Get It…
Education could engage in continuous quality improvement, too!
Even the Grocer!
Almost every industry uses data more effectively than we do
One More Experiment
Bloom’s 2 Sigma Challenge
Bloom, 1984
One-to-One Tutoring
And other methods compared to 30 students in the classroom
Average Tutored Student by 2 SD
In other words, the average student is capable of much more
Tutoring is Expensive
So we teach class instead!
Bloom, 1984
If the research on the 2 sigma problem yields practiced methods (methods that the average teacher or school faculty can learn in a brief period of time and use with little more cost or time than conventional instruction), it would be an educational contribution of the greatest magnitude. (p. 5)
To Tutor Or Not to Tutor?
That is the (false) question
“Intelligent” Tutors
Have different scalability problemsDehumanize learing
“Strategic Tutoring”
What if we could do one-on-one tutoring just-in-time and just-on-topic?
How Can We Get the Data?
Follow Google, Amazon, Netflix, WoW, etc.
Do School Online
Where each and every interaction can be captured and stored for analysis
What Kind of Data?
When they logged in, read, and workedHow long they logged in, read, and worked
Pathway information, Item-by-item analytics,
&c.
OHSU Teaching Model
Online curriculum teaches as much as possible,teachers do proactive “strategic tutoring”
Another Benefit of Data
Engage in continuous improvement of curriculum materials
Can You Improve Curriculum?
Data aren’t sufficient – you need permission
Open Educational Resources
Give OHSU the permissions it needs to engage in continuous improvement
“4R” Permissions
Reuse – copy verbatimRedistribute – share with others
Revise – adapt and improveRemix – combine with others
OHSU Charter Requires OER
Founders’ way of “burning the ships”
Conjoint Continuous Improvement
Student learning and curriculum effectivenessgrow simultaneously
Curriculum Use
Curriculum Redesign
StudentPerformance
Data
Data Describing Curriculum
Performance
Data Supporting Strategic Tutoring
FeedbackLoop
Capturing Out-of-Band Tutoring
Using customer relationship management(CRM) tools
http://www.flickr.com/photos/tudor/255272612/
How could he fail the test? He
was online studying all day every day
last week!!!
http://www.flickr.com/photos/combust/3593608524/
He must have been playing
World of Warcraft, because he only spent 32 minutes
on Algebra.
Visualizing Educational Data
Creating new visualization techniques to support teaching and learning
Openness
• Increases access• Gathers more data• Improves sharing• Creates local control• Makes data actionable / CQI• Permits alignment with societal changes
“facilitates the unexpected”
More Open We Are
The better education will be
