THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Set of important social, economic, technological and cultural transformations, that began in Great Britain from the second half of the 18th century.

DEFINITION

FACTORS

• The Industrial

Revolution began

in Great Britain in

the 18th century.

• Why in Great

Britain?

• Great Britain had a stable political system, a liberal or parlamentary monarchy.

• Great Britain was involved in several wars during the 18th and 19th century, but those wars didn’t cause damages in britain territory (Great Britain).

• Great Britain had a stable currency and a well-organised banking system.

POLITICAL FACTORS

Jorge III, king of Great Britain

House of Commons

• Plenty of capitals from the British commercial colonies.

• Large number of workforce. • An aristocracy that allows the wealth creation

(investments), in contrast to the traditional nobility in other countries.

• A very large bourgeoisie, with lots of traders and landowners.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS

• Plenty of iron and coal, above all in Wales and Scotland.

• Easy and constant water provision as a source of energy, as the weather, quite rainy, they have more than 1000 mm per year and without a dry season.

• Lots of ports that make easier the national and international trade.

GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION

• From the 18th century a series of innovations were carried out that make agricultural production to increase dramatically.

• New machinery aparition, such as the mechanic seeder (sembradora mecánica) by Jethro Tull, that allowed to sow fast and to put the seeds easily in rows, that made simplier other agrarian tasks.

• The iron plough, which allows a deeper and more effective labour, thanks to the birth of an important iron and steel (siderúrgica) industry that provides cheap and abundant iron.

• Threshing and mower machines (trilladoras and segadoras) moved with a steam engine (máquina de vapor).

• From The 19th century, first steam tractors.

• • New farming methods such as seed selection or Norfolk system or four-year rotation system.

• Use of fertilizers (manure and artificial).

• Properties enclosure. In Britain until the 18th century

the agricultural system called open fields dominated:

after collecting the harvest a communal use of

pastures was done.

• The enclosures will enable investment and

innovation: until then the open field system required

all farmers to follow the rhythms of tradition

(planting and harvesting the same crops on the same

dates).

• Improvements in the cattle industry. The British livestock (cabaña ganadera) not only grew with the rise of plants (alfalfa, clover) resulting from crop rotations, but also improved with the spread of selective breeding.

THE DEMOGRAPHIC REVOLUTION

• Changes in agriculture produced a better diet,

which was reflected in a significant growth of the

population, that will serve to multiply European

population in a few years.

• Certain health and hygiene improvements, such

as the discovery of the first vaccine by Dr. Edward

Jenner in 1796 that protected against smallpox

(viruela).

• Europe rose from 187 million in the seventeenth century to 400 million in 1800.

• The increase in population and the mechanization of agriculture caused a huge rural exodus to large industrial cities.

• Between 1800 and 1930 around 40 million Europeans left Europe, the largest receiver country was the United States.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• In 1769, the Englishman James Watt invented the steam engine, which used steam power to move other machines. This invention was applied to the industry and craft workshops were disappearing. The products were cheaper because they were done in large amount, dividing the work among the workers. Being cheaper products were available to more customers, and business flourished.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=4aQ86_6Q8h4

• There were two significant industrial sectors in the first industrial revolution: the textile industry and the steel industry, whose products revolutionized other economic activities.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

• The textile industry was the first to develop.• Production before the Industrial Revolution was

based on the so-called domestic system, in which workers in many cases peasants, engaged in these textile activities during the months with scarce agricultural labours. They received raw materials from a intermediary, worked at home (where to have a spinning wheel or a weaving loom wasn’t difficult) and they returned the manufactured items to the intermediary who paid them for their work.

• Industrialization means the passage to the production in large factories (factory system or factory system) with dozens of looms (telares) moved by hydraulic power or by steam engines. To monetize those machines was cheaper to concentrate them under one roof (the factory ) with many workers.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

• Throughout the 18th century the textile industry will learn important technical innovations such as: The Flying shuttle (la lanzadera volante), which allowed

doubling the capacity of weaving of English craftsmen. The spinning jenny (hiladora spinning jenny) that

multiplied the capacity of the spinners. The Waterframe also a spinning machine, which used

water power to move the spindles (husos). The power loom moved with steam engine, invented by

Cartwright in 1785 is the most important step.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Lanzadera volante

Spinning jenny

Water frame Telar mecánico

THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY

• The iron and steel industry was already an important activity in Britain, although its future was threatened by a shortage of charcoal (carbón vegetal): the increasing domestic use of wood, construction fleets and iron and steel industry itself were about to end British forests.

• The first achievement was to obtain iron with mineral coal instead of wood or charcoal.

• The iron and steel industries settled where there were coalmines.

• The incorporation of new techniques contributed to the development of industry such as the obtention of iron in blast furnace (altos hornos), which allowed to remove impurities from English iron and use it more effectively in the production of goods.

• The iron will be replacing the wooden agricultural tools, building structures, machine parts, craft tools ...

• Later, Bessemer invented the iron in steel converter (1856).

• Industries with high steel and iron demand: farm tools, machinery, railways, metal structures.

Altos hornos / blast furnace

Primer puente fabricado íntegramente en hierro en Coalbrookdale (1779)

Cast iron supporting structure, ceiling of the reading room of the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

• The great revolution in transportation was the railroad.

• This resulted from the combination of two of the major advances of the industrial revolution: the steam engine for propulsion of the locomotive, and iron to build the train and the rails on which circulated.

• The English Stephenson built the first steam locomotive, used to transport cargo between the coal mines. It was called The Rocket.

• In 1830 the first railway to transport passengers was opened, between Liverpool and Manchester.

• Technical advances made the railroad a means of getting faster, safer and cheaper transport. For this reason, early railways around the world multiplied and even intercontinental lines were designed.

The Rocket

• The steamboat was the other important transport during the Industrial Revolution, it was invented by Robert Fulton. And they could cross the Atlantic in 15 days.

BANCOS Y FINANZAS

• Escasez de capital para financiar grandes empresas = Sociedades Anónimas con

participaciones en la empresa (acciones) que cotizan en la bolsa de valores.

• Los bancos pasan a ser intermediarios entre los ahorradores (depósitos) y los

industriales (inversores).

• En ocasiones no sólo suministran capital, sino que invierten directamente

(compra de acciones en el mercado bursátil).

EXPANSIÓN CAPITALISMO INDUSTRIAL

• Principios del siglo XIX se extiende a Francia y Bélgica: textil y siderurgia.

• Mediados del siglo XIX a Rusia, Alemania, EE.UU. y Japón: Tecnología y capital

exterior, concentración empresas (trust), intervención bancaria e intervención

del Estado (proteccionismo). Finales siglo XIX al Sur de Europa (regiones

industrializadas marginales)

EXPANSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• It was in England that the Industrial Revolution first took place. It began between 1780 and 1820; it will reach France, the Netherlands and Belgium between 1830 and 1870, America and Japan in subsequent years.

• Then the rest of Europe,

• In all countries affected by this revolution, we observe three facts:

The Introduction of the steam engine, which allows mechanization

The replacement of rural crafts with manufacturing factories in cities

The appearing of 2 separate but interrelated social classes: the bourgeoisie and the working class (proletariado).

THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• Between the late 19th century and early 20th century, the so-called Second Industrial Revolution happened.

• The coal, steel and cotton lost prominence as engines of industrial growth against the huge companies and new production methods with new sources of energy (oil and electricity), innovations in transportation (cars, airplanes) and other production sectors (chemical industry, telecommunications).

SEGUNDA REVOLUCIÓN INDUSTRIAL• A partir de 1870 el liderazgo de Gran Bretaña cede a Alemania,

EE.UU. y Japón.

ORGANIZACIÓN INDUSTRIAL. • Finales s. XIX la producción asume la fabricación en serie,

taylorismo o fordismo (> productividad, < costes y tiempo empleado).

• Aumento de la concentración industrial (dado por elevadas inversiones capital): Cártel: Acuerdos empresariales para fijar precios y volumen de

producción. Holding: Grupo financiero que posee control sobre conjunto

empresas y bancos. Trust: Fusión empresarial de un mismo ramo o sector.

• Texto: Fordismo. “Nuestro primer progreso en la producción consistió en llevar el

trabajo al obrero, en lugar de desplazarse el obrero al trabajo. Hoy en día todas

nuestras operaciones se inspiran en estos dos principios: ningún trabajador debe tener

más de un paso que dar; siempre que se a posible, ningún trabajador debe inclinarse

(…). El resultado de la aplicación de estos principios es reducir para el obrero la

necesidad de pensar, y reducir sus movimientos al mínimo. Debe, siempre que sea

posible, tener que hacer una sola cosa con un solo movimiento (…). El trabajador no

debe ser obligado a la precipitación: no debe tener un segundo menos de los que le

haga falta, ni un segundo de más (…). Algunos obreros no hacen más que una o dos

pequeñas operaciones. (…) El hombre que coloca una pieza no la fija; la pieza puede no

ser completamente fijada más que después de la intervención de varios obreros. Ford,

H.: “Mi vida y mi obra”, 1925.