2. Evolution of the Brain Reptilian Paleomammalian
Neomammalian
3. The Brain Home Page
4. Size and the Cerebrum Cerebrum Gray Matter White Matter
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Surface Features
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5. Size and the Cerebrum Ha! Ha! What do you call a brain
without a 100 billion neurons? A no brainer Does a bigger brain
mean you are smarter? The debate is still on. It seems that the
higher brain to body mass an animal has, the smarter it is.
Einstein's overall brain was a normal size, but the specific
portion known for spatial intelligence was wider and had a unique
anatomy. Cerebrum
http://media3.guzer.com/pictures/homers_brain.jpg
6. White Matter Portion of the cerebrum that is composed of
bundles of nerve fibers, myelinated so that it appears white. These
are on the deep portion of the brain. Cerebrum
7. Gray Matter The cell bodies of neurons in the cerebrum.
Located primarily on the superficial surface of the cerebrum- the
cerebral cortex. Also, several groups of gray matter are buried
deep within the cerebrum. Ha! Ha! What does a brain wear in a
rainstorm? A waterproof CORTEX jacket. Cerebrum
8. Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) Several islands of gray matter, cell
bodies of neurons. They are the processing link between thalamus
and motor cortex. They initiate and direct voluntary movement and
help with balance and postural reflexes. Parkinsons disease and
Huntingtons chorea, both diseases of muscular control difficulties,
stem from problems in the basal nuclei. Cerebrum
9. Surface Features of the Cerebrum Right Hemisphere Left
Hemisphere Fissures Corpus Callosum Functional Areas Lobes Sulci
Cerebrum Gyri
10. Gyri The elevated ridges of tissue on the surface of the
cerebrum. Precentral gyrus Postcentral gyrus Surface Features
(Colored portions in diagram to left)
11. Sulci The shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum
that separate the gyri. Central sulcus- Separates frontal and
parietal lobes Lateral sulcus- defines temporal lobe Surface
Features Feelin groovy! (Lines on diagram above)
12. Fissures Deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum.
Longitudinal fissure- divides cerebrum into left and right
hemispheres Helps to divide the cerebrum into lobes. Surface
Features
13. Corpus Callosum Connects the right and left hemispheres and
allows for communication between the hemispheres. Forms roof of the
lateral and third ventricles. Band of myelinated nerve fibers.
(Label on Sagittal Section diagram) Surface Features
14. Right Hemisphere For right-brainers Ha! Ha! Controls left
side of body. Visual spatial skills. Dancing and gymnastics are
coordinated by the right hemisphere. Memory is stored in auditory,
visual and spatial modalities. What did the right hemisphere say to
the left hemisphere when they could not agree on anything? Lets
split! Surface Features http://alphatel.waika9.com/brain1.gif
15. Left Hemisphere For left-brainers Controls right side of
body. Systematic, logical interpretation of information.
Interpretation and production of symbolic information. Language,
mathematics, abstrac tion and reasoning. Memory stored in a
language format. Surface Features
16. Frontal Lobotomy Lobes of the Cerebrum Frontal Temporal
Occipital Parietal Surface Features
17. Frontal Lobe Responsible for conscious thought, cognition
and memory. Controls the ability to concentrate, higher
intellectual reasoning, aggression, judgment, an d inhibition.
Plays a role in personality and emotional traits. What did the
parietal say to the frontal? I lobe you! Ha! Ha! Lobes
18. Temporal Lobe Receives and evaluates input for smell and
hearing and plays an important role in memory. Lobes
19. Parietal Lobe Responsible for processing of sensory input
and sensory discrimination. Plays a part in body orientation. Ha!
Ha! What happens when you bother the parietal lobe? It gets a
little touchy! Lobes
20. Occipital Lobe Primary visual reception and interpretation
area. Lobes
21. Functional Areas of the Cerebrum Frontal eye field Visual
area Wernickes area Brocas area Frontal association area Primary
motor area General interpretation area Olfactory area Auditory area
Somatic sensory area Speech/language area Gustatory area Surface
Features Premotor area
22. Located in the left superior and posterior portion of the
temporal lobe. Understanding and comprehension of spoken language.
It is connected by nervous pathways to Brocas area (for motor
speech) and the auditory area (for hearing). Wernickes Area
Functional Areas
23. Frontal Eye Field Part of the premotor cortex of the
frontal lobe. It coordinates and maintains eye and head movements,
gaze shifts, and visual reactions to auditory and tactile (touch)
stimuli. Functional Areas
24. Primary Motor Area Located on the precentral gyrus
(posterior region of the frontal lobe). Allows conscious movement
of skeletal muscles. The axons of the motor neurons here form the
pyramidal, or corticospinal tract. Functional Areas
25. Premotor Area Located anterior to the primary motor cortex
in the frontal lobe. Responsible for perception as well as in
preparing the commands that result in physical movement (links
input with output). Functional Areas
26. Frontal Association Area Located in the anterior portion of
the frontal lobe. Plans behavior and facilitates working memory.
Control of attention, emotional expression, creativity, ph ysical
drive and inhibition. Functional Areas
27. Brocas Area Located in the inferior portion of the frontal
lobe anterior to the premotor area. Controls movements of the lips,
jaws, and tongue for speech. Functional Areas
28. Olfactory Area Located in the anterior portion of the
temporal lobe. Involved with integration of smell. Ha! Ha! Why does
your nose like to be in the middle of your face? It likes to be the
scenter of attention. Functional Areas
http://www.tcnj.edu/~cathcar2/brain.gif Microsoft Clipart
29. Auditory Area Responsible for processing information
related to hearing. Functional Areas Microsoft Clipart
30. Somatic Sensory Area Located in the anterior portion of the
parietal lobe. Processes tactile senses- pain, temperature, touch.
The homunculus shown to the left demonstrates the relationship of
features and their number of sensory receptors by size. Functional
Areas
31. Gustatory Area Inferior region of parietal lobe.
Responsible for taste. Ha! Ha! What book did Gus Tation write?
Tasty Treats for Your Tongue Functional Areas Microspft
Clipart
32. Speech Language Area Responsible for incorporating words
into verbal output. Functional Areas
33. General Interpretation Area Overlaps the parietal,
occipital and temporal lobes. Association of cumulative information
from senses. Functional Areas
34. Visual Area Located in the posterior portion of the
occipital lobe. Processes vision. Functional Areas VISUAL AREA
35. Brainstem The lower extension of the brain where it
connects to the spinal cord. Most of the cranial nerves arise from
the brainstem. The brainstem is the pathway for all fiber tracts
passing up and down from peripheral nerves and spinal cord to the
highest parts of the brain.
36.
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Located on the superior portion of the brainstem. Nerve pathway of
cerebral hemispheres. Connects the pons and cerebellum with the
cerebrum Auditory and Visual reflex centers. Midbrain Corpora
quadrigemina- posterior portion of the midbrain separated by the
cerebral aqueduct. Controls reflexes for vision and hearing.
Midbrain Brainstem
37. Pons Located in the middle of the brainstem. Respiratory
center that controls rate and depth of breathing. Pons
Brainstem
38. Medulla Oblongata Located in the inferior portion of the
brainstem. Crossing of motor tracts. Controls heart rate, blood
pressure and breathing. Centers for coughing, gagging, swallowi ng,
and vomiting are located here. Ha! Ha! Who wrote the book The
Importance of the Medulla? Y.U. Breathe Brainstem
39. Reticular Formation Located throughout the posterior
portion of the brainstem. Controls motor activities of visceral
organs. Controls sleep/wake cycles. Damage to this area may result
in coma. Plays a role in alertness, fatigue, and motivation to
perform various activities. Brainstem
41. Hypothalamus Located inferior to and slightly anterior to
the thalamus. Controls regulation of metabolism, temperature, and
water and electrolyte balance. Holds many set points in
homeostasis. Diencephalons
42. Limbic System Olfactory pathways: Amygdala and their
different pathways. Hippocampus and its different pathways. Sex,
rage, fear; emotions. Integration of recent memory, biologic al
rhythms. Diencephalons
43. Pituitary Gland Located inferior to the hypothalamus. It
secretes many hormones controlling growth, developmen t, and
puberty. Diencephalons
44. Mammillary Bodies Located inferior to the hypothalamus. It
is the reflex center for smell. Diencephalons
45. Epithalamus Located posterior to the thalamus. Houses the
pineal gland. Diencephalons
46. Thalamus Located directly superior to the midbrain. It
relays incoming messages to the proper centers of the brain.
Diencephalons
47. Pineal Gland Located posterior to the thalamus in the
epithalamus. Produces melatonin. Melatonin helps to regulate
circadian rhythms (daily and seasonal cycles of sleep and
wakefulness) and boosts immune function. Converts signals from the
nervous system into an endocrine signal. Diencephalons
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48. Olfactory Bulb Diencephalons
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/1998/106-12/focusfig-brain.GIF
Located on the underside of each frontal lobe. Contain the cell
bodies of olfactory receptor neurons and the nerve tracts
connecting it to the olfactory cortex.
49. Optic Chiasm Diencephalons Where the optic nerves from each
eye meet and cross. They go back through the optic tracts to the
occipital lobe.
50. Cerebellum Located inferior and posterior to the cerebrum.
Two hemispheres composed of outer gray matter and inner white
matter. Controls posture, balance, equilibrium, and coordination of
skeletal muscles. It is said to look like cauliflower. Who wrote
the book Its a Balancing Act? Sara Bellum Ha! Ha!
51. Lateral Ventricles Large ventricles located in both
hemispheres. These contain large masses of choriod plexuses.
Ventricles
52. Third Ventricle Located in the diencephelon superior to the
thalamus. Chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles
53. Fourth Ventricle Located medially to the brainstem and the
cerebellum. Chamber filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles
54. Choriod Plexuses Located on the roof of the third ventricle
and in the fourth ventricle. Tangled masses of capillaries that
secrete cerebrospinal fluid. Ventricles
55. Cerebral Aqueduct A canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid
that connects the third and fourth ventricles. Ventricles
56. Meninges Dura mater Pia mater Arachnoid mater
57. Pia Mater The protective layer that clings to the surface
of the brain. Meninges
58. Arachnoid Mater The middle layer of the meninges that has a
net-like mesh (spider web-like). In the spaces between the fibers,
there is cerebrospinal fluid. Meninges
59. Dura Mater In Latin, it means hard mother. It is the thick,
protective outer covering on the surface of the brain.
Meninges