THE END OF THE

UNIVERSE

Sandra Gil, Elvira Riveiro, Diana Tejera

INDEX

• Introduction

• Close Universe: Big Crunch

• Open Universe

• Flat Universe

• Theories of open and flat Universe: Big Freeze and Big Rip

• Other theories: Multiverse, False Vacuum, Cosmic Uncertainty.

INTRODUCTION

• Einstein´s theory of General Relativity

• Density Parameter()

• Ultimate fate depends on:– Shape: Flat, Open, Close

–Dark energy

– Equation of State

CLOSED UNIVERSE

• Geometry: Sphere

• Triangle > 180º

• Two forms to end:

– Lacking dark energy , leads to the Big Crunch

– With dark energy, expansion continues forever

BIG CRUNCH

• Based on Einstein´s theory of general relativity

• Universe´s density > Critical density

• Collapse into Black holes, then the Big Crunch

• Big Bounce, another Universe

OPEN UNIVERSE

• Geometry: Hyperbolic

• Triangle < 180º

• Continuous expansion

• Two endings:

–Big Rip

–Big Freeze

FLAT UNIVERSE

• Ω= 1

• Triangle = 180º

• Two forms to end:

– Without dark energy

– With dark energy

BIG FREEZE

1.Stelliferous Era: Today´s era.

2.Degenerate Era: Death of Stars and Black Holes formation.

3.Black Hole Era: Death of Black Holes

4.Dark Era: Nothing except for subatomic particles

BIG RIP

• Increase in the density of dark energy

• Increase in Hubble´s constant

• Everything disintegrates

OTHER THEORIES: MIULTIVERESE

• Set of Universes:

–Finite

–Infinite

• Form together:-Time-Space-Energy -Matter

OTHER THEORIES: FALSE VACUUM

• Vacuum metastability event:

– Alter everything

– Affect the foundation of matter, energy and spacestime

• Many-worlds interpretation

– Decay from a false vacuum to a true vacuum

– New worlds

– Some decay, some stay as before

OTHER THEORIES: COSMIC UNCERTAINITY

• Truthness of inflation

• Lack of proveness

• The end still unknown