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The Educated Citizen “If a nation expects to be ignorant and free, it expects what never was and never will be.” - Thomas Jefferson
The Founders were The Founders were deeply influenced by deeply influenced by Enlightenment Enlightenment thoughtthought
They believed that a They believed that a republic could survive republic could survive only if its citizens only if its citizens were educatedwere educated
European Thinkers who influenced American Education John Locke
1632 – 1704 Tabula Rasa Children should learn
through their five senses (Empiricism)
Children learn through imitation
Children are rational creatures
Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
Critical of educational practice
Education should be consistent with the natural conditions of a child’s growth They are not ready to
deal with abstract ideas imposed upon them through books
European Thinkers who influenced American Education
European Thinkers who influenced American Education Jean Jacques Rousseau
1712-1778 EmileEmile The story of a boy’s
ideal education from infancy to maturity
Experiences in harmony with nature and natural conditions
European Thinkers who influenced American Education Johann Pestalozzi
1746-1827 He is often referred to as
the “father of child centered schools.” “At age five we make all
nature vanish before their eyes and pen them like sheep, whole flocks huddled together, in stinking rooms; pitilessly chain them for hours, days, weeks, months, to the contemplation of unattractive and monotonous letters.”
The National Era
1780-1830
Educating a New Nation Literacy prior to
the revolution White men White women Blacks
Slave Free
Native Americans
After the Revolution Economic changes
Commercial economy
Improved transportation
A more mobile society meant a need for improved communication
After the Revolution Political changes
Political, economic theory
Locke Rousseau
Calls to action Pamphlets
Common Sense Broadsides Newspapers
A Republic demands an educated citizenry
The task was to build a nation out of 13 colonies
Eliminate all things British
Thomas Jefferson History instead of
Scripture “Geniuses raked
from the rubble” “The people are
the only safe depositories”
University of Virginia
Noah Webster Connecticut
teacher Goal- eliminate
British textbooks
Noah Webster Blueback speller Became
America’s greatest lexicographer
The first American Dictionary
Benjamin Rush Founder of Dickenson
College “Thoughts upon the
mode of education proper in a republic”
“Thoughts upon female education”
Benjamin Rush Jefferson’s
personal physician Gave medical
advice to Meriwether Lewis prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition
Invented “the tranquilizing chair”
The Lancastarian System 1800-1830
Systematic Education
The Lancastrian system
A course of study Units of work
Textbooks McGuffy readers Blueback spellers
The Lancasterian System System of education in which
children could be educated very cheaply
One teacher was in charge of large numbers of students
Monitors were used as a method of "crowd control," hence the schools came also to be known as monitorial schools.
More advanced students had the responsibility of assisting in teaching those students below them
The McGuffy Reader The most popular schoolbook in the
nineteenth century was the McGuffey Reader, introduced in 1836.
Based on landmarks of world literature, the set of six readers, which increased in difficulty, were the basis for teaching literacy, as well as basic values such as honesty and charity.
The readers gave the teacher flexibility she lacked before, allowing her to more easily teach a classroom of pupils of different ages and levels.
Tens of millions of copies were sold in the nineteenth century.
In rural America the McGuffey Reader was often the only exposure people had to world literature.