The Document Triangle: A Guest Lecture

Nov. 14, 2003 Information architecture: Structure, content, and form 1

InfoDesign: To surf the community Peter J. Bogaardsinfodesign.bogieland.com

Information architecture:Structure, content, and form

Peter J. Bogaards (BogieLand.com)Information designer & information architect“Sharing knowledge is better than having it.”

Media Studies - University of AmsterdamNovember 14, 2003



Introduction

• Background in instructional design (UvA 1987)• Design of (tech) facilities to enhance human

learning processes• Interface, interaction, and information designer

(Informaat)• WWW: Electronic documentation and user interface

design merger• Information designer and information architect

(Razorfish EU)• InfoDesign blog (1997): infodesign.bogieland.com -

>230,000 visits• BogieLand (2003): Information design &

information architecture company



Questions to answer

• What is user experience, (information) design / architecture?• What is a document?• What are dimensions of a document? The document triangle.• What do you get when you abstract these dimensions?• What is the impact of computation and connectivity on these

dimensions?



User experience



bbc



Ebay



google



IcebergA



Iceberg UX



What is user experience?The elements of user experienceJ.J. Garrett 2002



Information design



What is information design?

• Understanding, useful, making sense (‘complexity’)• User-centered design: Thinking ‘outside in’ versus ‘inside out’• To design is to decide: To provide a design rationale (reasoning on

decisions)• Reference to context, constraints, goals, and requirements• Products: Conventional (signage/wayfinding) and information artifacts

(paper/digital e.g. CUI/GUI, sites, handhelds, and documentation)• History: Minard (1861), Zwaga, Tufte, Jacobson, IDJ/IIID, and STC ID

SIG (>3000 members)• Relation with graphic design, document design, interaction design,

technical writing, interface design, sound design, and informationarchitecture...



Information design history



Information architecture



What is information architecture?

• Concept of ‘space’: (atoms) buildings (e.g. house,office, factory, museum) and (bits) sites (e.g. intranet,blog, company site, search engine, auction site)

• Naming, labeling, organizing, and structuring ofinformation

• Navigation (3 Qs: source point/location, targetpoint/location, and path to follow) and browse/search(findability)

• Strong position in design and development for WWW• Information architecture history: Wurman 1976

(Information architects), LIS (Rosenfeld/Morville),ASIS&T IA Summit, AIfIA



The Winchester mystery house

Courtesy of Alan Cooper



The document



Docs



The document concept

• Obvious and non-obvious ones• Monolithic documents• ‘Paper’ versus electronic documents• Conceptual, logical and physical layers of documents• Fixed document (PDFs) / assembled ‘on-the-fly’ (e.g. search results)• Bottom-up (blog posts) / top-down (enterprise IA/digital libs)• Technology: DOM, .doc, .txt, .htm, .exe, .etc



The document triangle



Structure



structures



The structure dimension

• Creating a conSTRUCtion• To identify the wholes and parts - (de)composition -

category criteria and mistakes – hierarchy -identification of objects and its composites

• A noun and verb: To structure - to create structure -to bring more structure to its structure

• Similarities and (quantity/quality) differences• Relationship(s) between objects - dependencies• R.S. Wurman: LATCH-principle• Cognition (‘conSTRUCtionism’), granularity, and order• Technology: DTD, Schema



Content



content



The content dimension

• The dynamic interests, needs, and wants of the informationconsumer (people) and producer (editor): the prosumer

• Data (‘factoids’) versus instructions/explanations• Domain knowledge (dependent and independent)• Facts -> interpretations -> opinions -> theories• Referential: References to reality (De Saussure)• Technology: (X)HTML, XML, RDF, DC, OIL, ...



From data to wisdom

Courtesy of N. Shedroff



Form



Forms



The form dimension

• Formats:– textual (e.g. typography)– visual (diagrams/stills/moving)– auditive (voice, FXs, music)– motion (input/output mechs)

• Visual design -> sensorial design (N. Shedroff)• Meta(media) specific attributes• Form is the manifestation of an underlying 'model'• 'Form follows function'• Technology: DSSSL, CSS, XSL(T), SVG/PNG, ...



Abstraction



abstract

By Pablo Picasso



Meta-level thinking



A thought experiment

• Reflection• Abstraction of the 3 dimensions: meta-level thinking• Meta-structure: knowledge representation, conceptual or knowledge

structures, pattern expressions - control structures (if ... then ... else...)

• Meta-content: meta data (‘data about data’)• Meta-form: Strategic declarations on form

- visual: Robert Horn's ‘Visual Language’- audio: Earcons (sound FXs) / techno?- textual: Hypertext



Computation



computation

Charles Babbage1791-1871



The computation attribute

• Machine-attributes: Features and functions• Manipulation of symbol systems: Algorithms vs.

heuristics• Input/Output - Emergent adaptation• Computing the structure, content, and form of

documents• User modelling• Knowledge engineering, artificial intelligence, the

semantic web initiative



Connectivity



connect



The connectivity attribute

• Information, communication, coordination,collaboration

• n-1, 1-1, 1-n, n-n• Hardly any space and time constraints• Trends: p2p, wireless, mobile, ubicomp• Impact on people, groups, organizations, states• Exchange of information• Online webservices



Conceptual model of thinking



Wrap-up

• Objective ID/A: To find, use, and understand information• What’s the document and the process?• What’s its structure and how to structure?• What’s its contents and how does it serve human needs?• What’s are the representational forms in use and how do they make

optimal use of the media specific attributes?• What are structure, content, and form in conceptual terms?• How to integrate computation and connectivity in the document

dimensions?



questions

infodesign.bogieland.com

Education

The Document Triangle: A Guest Lecture