The cold WAR Era!

Present by, Pranali and Himanshi class : XII - C

from

Saraswati Bal Mandir, Mehrauli

The cold war!The cold war referred to the competition the tension and a series of confrontation Between two countries.

For Example :- between USA and USSR

What is cold war?

• The 2nd world war ended when the united states dropped two atomic bomb on the Japanese cities

On Hiroshima, 6 August 1945

On Nagasaki, 9 August 1945

• The end of second world war was the beginning of cold war.

• The allied forces in Second World War was led by the Britain , France USSR and Russia defeated the axis powers led by Germany, Italy and Japan.

The Cuban Missile crisis

• Cuba was an ally of the soviet union. In April 1961, the leaders of USSR were worried that USA would invade communist ruled Cuba and overthrow fiddle castor, the president of Cuba.

• Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of USSR place nuclear missiles in Cuba.

• America was threatened by soviet union missiles and therefore president john f. Kennedy and his advisor were determined to get Khrushchev to remove the missiles and nuclear weapons from Cuba.

• President ordered America warship to intercept any soviet union ships heading to Cuba.

• A conflict between two big powers was imminent and this crisis was known as Cuban missile crisis.

Meeting of Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy on Cuban missile

issue.

The emergence of two power blocs.

The World was divided into two Power blocs. ‘western alliances’ and ‘eastern alliances’

The smaller states in the alliances used the link to the superpower ( USA & USSR) for their own purposes. They got the promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local rival.

Western alliance

The western alliance was formalied into an organisation the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY organisation. (NATO)

Eastern alliances • The eastern alliance is known as the Warsaw pact, was led by the soviet union.

Distribution of world !

Weapon race of USA and USSR

USA USSR0

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2

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5

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Column1weapon

• In East, South East and West Asia the USA built two alliance system to make its hold in these regions, called..

Other alliance

South east Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1954. Australia, France, Britain, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand and USA were members.

The Central treaty organisation (CENTO) in 1955.

Arena of cold war

KoreaIn 1950-53

AfghanistanIn 1979-89

VietnamIn 1954-75

CubaIn 1962

BerlinIn 1948-49

Non- Aligned Movement

What is Non – Alignment Movement (NAM)?

Non- Alignment movement gave the newly independent countries a way of staying out of the alliances.

Founders of NAM

Jawaharlal Nehru-from India

Josip Broz Tito-from Yugoslavia

Sukarno- From Indonesia

Kwame Nkrumah – From Ghana

Gamal abdel nasser – From Egypt

The countries who accepted Non- Alignment Policy.

NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER

• The NIEO aims at the Restructuring the existing institution and establishing new organizations which will govern the flow of trade, technology and capital resources for the benefit of the whole world in general and the developing countries.

The Global trading system according to UNCTAD in NIEO.

(Report 1972 )• The Least Developed Countries (LDCs) should be

given the control over their natural resources which are exploited by the developed countries.

• They should be given access to western markets so that they can sell their products and therefore make trades more useful for the poorer countries.

• Reduce the cost of technology from the western countries.

• LDC should be provided greater role in international economic institutions.

India and the cold war!• As a leader of NAM India particular care in

staying away from the two alliance and raise voice against the newly decolonised countries becoming part of these alliances.

• India took international decisions and stances that served its interests of the superpowers and their allies.

• India was often balance one superpower against the other.

CRITICISM OF INDIA’S Non Alignment Policy

• India’s NAM said to be unprincipled.• it is suggested that India was inconsistent and

took contradictory postures.• India signed the treaty of friendship in 1971

with USSR for 20 years.

But..

• NAM contains some core values and enduring ideas! It is based on a recognisation that newly decolonised states or newly independent states of Asia, Africa and Latin America share a historical affiliation and can become powerful force if they came together.

• It means the poor and very small countries need not to became a follower of any of the big powers and they could pursue an independent foreign policy.

• NAM is based on a resolve to democratise the international system. It provides an alternative world order to redress the existing inequalities.

Thank

You!!