The Birth of a Filipino National Consciousness

THE BIRTH OF A FILIPINO NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS

CIRILO GAZZINGAN, III BSCE - IISAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES

NATIONALISMWHAT IS NATIONALISM (NATIONAL

CONSCIOUSNESS)?

Nationalism (Merriam-Webster)

▷Loyalty and devotion to a nation

▷A sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups

Philippine Revolts

▷ these revolts failed because of lack of communication and the absence of national leadership

1.CAUSES OF NATIONAL

CONSCIOUSNESSWHAT ARE THEY?

I. The Spanish Revolution of 1868

I. The Spanish Revolution (1868)

▷ The triumph of liberalism in Spain against the autocratic rule of Isabela II (1833-1869) resounded across the seas to the shores of her overseas colonies.

I. The Spanish Revolution (1868)

▷ The people in the Philippines came to enjoy for the first time the sweet taste of a liberal regime

II. Opening of Suez Canal

The Suez CanalThis canal is 103 miles long.

I. Opening of Suez Canal

▷ The opening of Suez Canal (1869) gave more opportunities to the illustrados and elites to travel and gain education in different places in Europe.


▷ The opening of Suez Canal to world shipping in 1869 stimulated Philippine progress.


▷ The transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw material market for Europe unconsciously increased their contact with the intellectual tradition of the West

III. Spread of New Ideas


▷ Philippines was opened by Spain to World Trade

▷ Liberal ideas , contained books and newspapers, were ideologies of the American and French Revolutions and the thoughts of different philosophers such as:


▷ MONTESQUIEU - separation of powers

▷VOLTAIRE- freedom of religion

▷LOCKE- liberalism

▷JEFFERSON- anti-slavery


▷ Liberal ideas from Europe filtered in when Spain gradually exposed Phil. To international commerce.

▷ The sons and daughters of the principalia were able to attain education, thereupon giving then exposure to libertarian ideas.

PrincipaliaThe Principalía or noble class was the

ruling and usually educated upper class in the towns of Spanish Philippines


▷ Liberal ideas from Europe filtered in when Spain gradually exposed Phil. To international commerce.

▷ The sons and daughters of the principalia were able to attain education, thereupon giving then exposure to libertarian ideas.


▷ Illustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena who had their education in Europe obtained liberal ideas on these significant events in the history of the world.

IlustradosThe Ilustrados constituted the Filipino

educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.


▷ Ilustrados like Rizal, Del Pilar and Jaena who had their education in Europe obtained liberal ideas on these significant events in the history of the world.


▷ Sentiments against the Principales - The masses had been skeptical about local aristocracy due to their proportion and influence in the society

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino

People

IV. Race Prejudice against the Filipino Priests▷ Two kinds of priests served

the Catholic Church in the Philippines. These were the regulars and the seculars.

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino Priests▷ Conflict began when the

bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. The regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino Priests▷ The regulars resented the

move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino Priests▷ The controversy became

more intense when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines. They had been exiled from the country because of certain policies of the order that the Spanish authorities did not like.

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino Priests▷ The issue soon took on a

racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favoring their own regular priest over Filipino priests.

Racial Hirerarchy

Racial Hirerachy

Peninsulares InsularesSpanish mestizos, PrincipaliaChinese mestizos Natives or Indios

Peninsulares▷They are the

highest class in the Philippines, entrusted with the offices of high rank.

Insulares▷Insulares. They

are a rank below the peninsulares. The insulares are of European descent but born in the colonies of Spain.

Insulares▷ insulares enjoy

various goverment and church positions but as economics and power shifted, they changed to capitalist driven entrepreneurs owning large parcels of lands.

Mestizo de Espanol▷They are

offsprings of Spanish people interbreeding with Filipinos. Mestizo is a term given to individuals inheriting foreign ancestry.

Mestizo de Espanol▷They may have

better relations with the local governors or with the church as they are favored more compared to the common man.

Mestizo de Sangley▷A person of

Filipino or any racial descent marrying a Chinese, the result is children that will be called mestizo de sangley.

Mestizo de Sangley▷artisans and

petty traders ▷ allowed to

lease lands from friar estates and earned from it.

Natives or “Indios”▷ pure-blooded

Filipino People▷ lowest class in

the Philippine society during Spanish rule

Natives or “Indios”▷ considered as

“slaves”

IV. Racial Prejudice against the Filipino People▷ Filipinos are considered as

an inferior race with limited intelligence

V. Martyrdom of GomBurZa

GomBurZa

Gomburza or GOMBURZA refers to three Filipino Catholic priests (Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora), who were executed on 17 February 1872 at Luneta in Bagumbayan

On January 20, 1872, two hundred Filipinos employed at the Cavite arsenal staged a revolt

against the Spanish government’s voiding of their exemption from the payment of tributes. The

Cavite Mutiny led to the persecution of prominent Filipinos; secular priests Mariano Gómez, José

Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora—who would then be collectively named GomBurZa—were tagged as the

masterminds of the uprising. The priests were charged with treason and sedition by the Spanish military tribunal—a ruling believed to be part of a

conspiracy to stifle the growing popularity of Filipino secular priests and the threat they posed to

the Spanish clergy. The GomBurZa were publicly executed, by garrote, on the early morning of

February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan.


▷ The Filipino people deeply resented the execution of Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.

▷ They were acclaimed as the executed priests as true martyrs of their fatherland.


▷ The execution of GOMBURZA speed up the growth of Philippine Nationalism, which ultimately brought about Spain’s downfall.


▷ The concept of nationhood coincided with the development of the concept of Filipinos.

▷ Before, Filipinos would only refer to the españoles insulares. Later, it included the mestizos de sangley and the native elite who had Hispanized themselves


▷ Also the invention of printing press helped the propagandist express and show their thoughts and ideas through newspaper. Because of this, Filipino masses became more aware on the events happening around them.


▷ The propagandists tried to infuse Filipino with national meaning, which later included the entire people in the archipelago

▷ Since then, Filipinos recognize the importance of expressing their self, their own nationality, and their freedom.

Summary

Opening of Suez CanalStimulated the spread of intellectual practices and traditions from Europe

Spread of New IdeasThe concept of liberalism engaged the Filipinos to fight for their rights and freedom

The Spanish Revolution of 1868Start of a liberal regime

Race Prejudice against the Filipino PeopleFilipinos are considered as an inferior race with a limited intellectual capabilities

Martyrdom of GomBurZaStarted the uprising of Filipino Nationalism

THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

PROPAGANDAWhat is PROPAGANDA?

Propaganda (Merriam-Webster)

▷ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.

Propaganda MovementThe emergence of more Filipino ilustrados gave birth to a unifies nationalist movement.

Propaganda MovementThe campaign was known in our history as the Propaganda Movement

Propaganda MovementRizal, del Pilar and Lopez Jaena are considered to be the pillars of the Propaganda Movement

Aim of Propaganda Movement

▷ to have a peaceful assimilation, referring to the transition of the Philippines from being a colony to a province of Spain.

Graciano Lopez Jaena ▷ left the

Philippines for Spain in 1880 after publishing a satirical novel, Fray Botod (Father Fatso).

Graciano Lopez Jaena ▷In 1889, he

started the newspaper, La Solidaridad

Marcelo H. Del Pilar▷ lawyer and

journalist from the town of Bulacan

Marcelo H. Del Pilar▷ became

the editor-in-chief of the La Solidaridad

Jose Rizal▷His more

popular works were his two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

▷He annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which showed that Filipinos had developed culture even before the Spanish occupation.

The Propaganda Movement

▷Many Filipino propagandists turned into masons because they needed the help of the masons in Spain and in other countries in their fight of reforms.

▷This organization is called Freemasonry

La Liga Filipina

La Liga Filipina

▷Rizal wrote the constitution of La Liga Filipina while living in Hong Kong with the help of Jose Ma Basa

““Unus Instar

Omnium”- La Liga

The objectives of La Liga were:▷ the unification of the whole

archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogeneous body

▷ protection in cases of want and necessity

▷ defense against violence and injustice

▷ study and implementation of reforms

La Liga Filipina

▷ On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by order of Governor Despujol and subsequently imprisoned at Fort Santiago.

La Liga Filipina

▷ The following day, the governor general ordered the deportation of Rizal to Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte as punishment of his allegedly submersive materials

End of the Propaganda Movement

The End of the Propaganda Movement▷ Rizal’s arrest marked the

crucial period of the propagandists

▷ La Liga Filipina collapsed▷M.H. Del Pilar and Lopez

Jaena died in Barcelona (1896)

The Revolution BeginsThe end of the propaganda movement marked the beginning of a revolution. The writings by the Propaganda Movement inspired Andres Bonifacio to establish the “Katipunan” and set the Philippines' revolution in place.

““He who does not know how

to look back at what he came from will never get to

his destination.”- Jose Rizal

Good Afternoon!Thank you for listening

Education

The Birth of a Filipino National Consciousness