Child Development

Presented by:

Abidah M (G 0838238)

Saheed Aliu O. (G0821455)

Biological Beginnings ……

The Biological Beginnings

Contents: 1. Heredity & Environment –Nature VS

Nurture2. Genetic Foundation3. Reproductive Challenges & Choices

Heredity and Environment Nature vs Nurture

Nature : development happens because of genetic influenced (ex : twin & adoption study)

Nurture : development happens because of environment influenced (ex : feral study)

“Is a child's development influenced by genetics? Or, could the majority of influence

be found in the child's environment?”

Twin Case

Identical Twins (monozygotic twins)

Fraternal Twins (dizygotic twins)

Develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas

Develop from separate eggs and separate sperm, making them genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

T.J. Bouchard (1979) studied about twins caseequal chance of being similar to the co-twin in

terms of personality, interests, and attitudes

This finding leads us to believe that the similarities between twins are due to genes, not environment

Ex : Jim twins

Adoption study

To discover whether in behavior & psychological characteristics, adopted children are

more like their

Adoptive parents Biological parents

Texas Adoption Research Project (1976): "little similarity between adopted children and their siblings and greater similarity between adopted children and their biological parents” Ex : Schizophrenia case (Plomin et al., 1997)

Islamic PerspectiveHadith :

- وسلم عليه الله صلى ه� الل س�ول� ر� ق�ال� ق�ال�ت� ة� �ش� ع�ائ ع�ن�

. الدارقطنى رواه �ف�اء� �ك األ ف�ى �ال إ �ض�ع�وه�ا ت � ال �م� �ط�ف�ك �ن ل وا ر� ي �خ� ت

“Be selective in where you drop your sperm, don’t place it

unless where it is suitable”.

ه�ا� �م�ال ل �ع/ ب ر�� أل� �ة� أ �م�ر� ال �ح� �ك �ن ت ق�ال� م� ل و�س� �ه� �ي ع�ل ه� الل ص�ل ى �ي5 ب الن ع�ن��د�اك� ي �ت� �ر�ب ت الد5ين� �ذ�ات� ب ف�اظ�ف�ر� �ه�ا �د�ين و�ل �ه�ا و�ج�م�ال �ه�ا ب �ح�س� و�ل

“A woman is married for 4 things, i.e. her wealth, lineage, beauty and religion. So marry the religious woman (otherwise) you will be loser”.

Feral study“Feral" means : wild or undomesticatedPsychologists have studied feral children--

children reared in complete or nearly complete isolation from human contact

Ex : Victor, the "wild boy of Aveyron," is the most famous case of a human being surviving in total isolation for an extended period of time

Islamic Perspective م� ل و�س� �ه� �ي ع�ل ه� الل ص�ل ى �ي@ ب الن ع�ل�ى” ق�ال� �د� �ول ي �ود/ م�و�ل �ل@ ك

�ه�يم�ة� �ب ال �ل� �م�ث ك �ه� ان �م�ج5س� ي و�� أ �ه� ان �ص5ر� �ن ي و�

� أ �ه� �ه�و5د�ان ي �و�اه� ب� ف�أ ة� �ف�ط�ر� ال

“ ج�د�ع�اء� ف�يه�ا ى �ر� ت ه�ل� �ه�يم�ة� �ب ال �ج� �ت �ن ت

The Prophet Says “Every child is born with a true faith of Islam but his parents convert him to Judaism, Christianity or Paganism, as an animal delivers a perfect baby animal. Do you find it mutilated?.....” (Bukhari: Book 23, Hadith: 440)

Birth order studya person's rank by age among his or her siblings

specific characteristics tend to be associated with different birth orders (Hoffman, 1998)

Some psychologists suggest that being an older or younger sibling affect development of :1. Personality (Alfred Adler, (1870-1937)) : Firstborns are "dethroned" when a second child

comes along, and this may have a lasting influence on them

Firstborns scored higher on conservatism, conscientiousness and achievement orientation

Later borns scored higher on rebelliousness, openness, and agreeableness

2. Intelligence (Robert Zajonc, 1970) Firstborns frequently score higher on

intelligence and achievement tests than other children

Ecological Theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979)

Shared and Non Shared Environment Experiences (Plomin, 1993)

Shared environmental experiences: Siblings’ common experiences Parents’ personalities intellectual orientationFamily’s socioeconomic status

Non shared environmental experiences: a child unique experiences within family, outside family)

Often have different peer, teacher in schools

Frameworks of interpreting the influence of nature on individual development

Frameworks Characteristic ExampleThe biological-maturation Endogenous : the changes

come from inside because of biological heritage

body shape, intelligence.

The environmental-learning

Exogenous : the changes come from the environment

children who rewarded and punished by adults because of their effort

The universal-constructivist

Nature and nurture play equal and reciprocal roles as sources of development

the ability to use language, intelligence

The cultural-context Biological and experiential factors influence each other in development.Depending on the specific cultural-historical context within which it interacts

mathematical understanding does not depend only on thinking ability but knowledge and the contexts which mathematical is relevant

Genetic FoundationCell

Nucleus

Chromosomes

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Genes(The basic unit of heredity in a living organism)

Islamic PerspectiveThe prophet said: “A man came to the prophet

and said, “O Allah’s Apostle! A black child has been born for me."

The Prophet asked him, "Have you got camels?“ The man replied, "Yes." The Prophet asked him, "What color are they?" He replied, "They are red." The Prophet further asked, “Is there a gray

colour among them?" He replied, "Yes." The Prophet asked him, "Whence did that

grayness come?" He said, “ May be it is because of heredity." The Prophet said (to him), "Therefore, this child

of yours has inherited as a result of heredity (ancestors)." (Bukhari: Book 63, Hadith, 225)

Processes of Gene transfer from one generation to generation

Mitosis Meiosis FertilizationDuplication of cells Duplication of cells Combination

egg and sperm (in the body) sex cell (gametes)

The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females:a. The chromosome structure of a maleb. The chromosome structure of a female

Genetic Principles Dominant-Recessive Genes

Dominant genes : exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the other, recessive genes (brown eyes, blue eyes), BB, Bb

Recessive genes : A gene that is expressed only when it is present if two genes are recessive (brown hair, blond hair), bb

Sex-Linked Genes The inheritance of an altered (mutated) genes, is carried on X

chromosome. May develop X-linked disease. Ex : Hemophilia and fragile X syndrome

Genetic Imprinting Occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they

are inherited from father or mother Ex : Huntington disease

Polygenic Inheritance Occurs when many genes interact to influence characteristics Ex : Aggressive

Some Chromosome Abnormalities

Name Description Treatment

Down syndrome An extra chromosome causes mild to severe retardation & physical abnormalities

Surgery, early intervention, infant stimulation, & special learning programs

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)Fragile X syndromeTurner syndrome (XO)

Physical abnormalities, mental retardation, learning disabilities, or short attention span, sexual underdevelopment

Special education, speech & language therapy, hormone therapy in childhood & puberty

Some Gene-Linked Abnormalities

Name Description Treatment

Diabetes Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar

Treated with insulin

Hemophilia Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding

Blood transfusions can reduce/prevent it

Sickle-cell anemia Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply, it can cause joint swelling, heart and kidney failure

Penicillin, antibiotics and blood transfusions

Characteristics of Down Syndrome1. Facial Distortion2. Mental Retardation3. Broad Forehead

Down syndrome

Fragile X syndrome Turner syndrome (XO)

1. Swelling2. Shorter Stature3. Webbed neck

1. Elongated Face2. Large or protruding ear3. Flat feet & soft skin

Reproductive Challenges & Choices

Diagnostic TestsAdoption

Infertility & Reproductive Technology

Prenatal Diagnostic TestsAmniocentesisUltrasound SonographyChorionic Villus SamplingMaternal Blood Screening

Infertility, possible causes and treatments

Problem Possible causes treatment

Low sperm count

Hormone imbalance, possibly environmental pollutants

Hormone therapy, surgery avoiding excessive heat

Immobile sperm

Abnormal sperm shape, Infection, Malfunctioning prostate

NoneAntibioticsHormones

Antibodies against sperm

Problem in immune system

Drugs

Men

Problem Possible causes treatment

Ovulation problems

Ovarian tumor Surgery

Antisperm secretions

unknown Acid or alkaline douche, estrogen therapy

Blocked fallopian tubes

Infection caused by IUD or abortion or by sexually transmitted disease

Eggs surgerically removed from ovary and place in uterus

women

AdoptionAdoption is the social & legal process by

which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

Psychological experience & School-related effects

(Brondzinsky 1984)

Illicit drugs and delinquency behaviour (sharma 1998)

Later and infant adoption sharma 1996) (Brondzinsky 1984)

References

Al Qur’an Al Hadits Santrock, J.W. 2009.Twelfth edition. Child development. McGraw-Hill, New York,

United States. Cole, M, Sheila, R.C, Judith, B. 1993. The development of children. Second

edition. Scientific American Books is a subsidiary of scientific American. Inc. New York and England

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & Rutter, M. (1997). Behavioral genetics (3rd. ed.). New York: Freeman.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_order http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2602/is_0002/ai_2602000247/ http://www.nurture-or-nature.com/articles/twin-and-adoption-studies/index.php http://www.nurture-or-nature.com/articles/twin-and-adoption-studies/index.php http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/haimowitz.html