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Amy M. Baetsen|| Dr. John E. KaminskiThe Pennsylvania State University
Thatch Collapse: A New Disease of Golf Course Turf
THATCH COLLAPSE• First Identified on Fine Leaf Fescue in
Northern Scotland Summer 2010– May 2011 Issue of Golf Course Management
• Symptoms Observed at Penn State Research Facility Fall 2010
THATCH COLLAPSE• Believed to be Caused by a Basidiomycete
OVERVIEW OF BASIDIOMYCETES• Yellow Ring (Trechispora alnicola)
– Kentucky Bluegrass • Superficial Fairy Ring (T. cohaerens and
Coprinus kubickae)– Bentgrass, Fescue and Poa
• White Blight (Melanotus phillipsii)– Mainly Fescue but on Bentgrass, Ryegrass and Poa
OVERVIEW OF BASIDIOMYCETES• Fairy Ring (Various Species)
– Type I, II, and III
OVERVIEW OF BASIDIOMYCETES• Localized Dry Spot (Various Species)• Thatch Collapse (Unidentified)
THATCH COLLAPSE SYMPTOMS
• Different From Other Basidiomycetes Diseases– Sunken Circular Patches– Darker Green Turf Within Patches– Mycelium May be Present– On Greens, Tees and Fairways
THATCH DEGRADATION RESULTING IN SUNKEN PATCHES
WHITE MYCELIUM IN THATCH
THATCH COLLAPSE• PATHOGEN: Unknown Basidiomycete
• HOSTS: Creeping Bentgrass, Velvet Bentgrass, others?
• SYMPTOMS: Sunken Green Circular Patches (3” to 1’)
• SIGNS: Mycelium in Thatch and Foliage Following Incubation
SINCE THEN SYMPTOMS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN…
California
Ohio
Michigan
Montana
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
Australia
New Zealand
HAS OCCURRED ON GOLF COURSES GLOBALLYP
hoto
cou
rtesy
Meg
an C
ushn
ahan
New ZealandMichigan, USA
GENERAL SYMPTOMS DESCRIBED
• Circular Patches 6-18 Inches in Diameter With an Irregular Border– Darker Green Turf from Thatch Degradation– White Mycelia Present on Thatch Layer – Orange Hue within Infested Thatch
• Symptoms Not Limited to One Turf Species– Warm and Cool-Season Turfgrasses
THATCH COLLAPSE SAMPLES WERE INCUBATED
• Consistent Development of Fruiting Bodies Similar to the Artillery Fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus)
SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS
Imag
e C
ourte
sy D
. Dav
is, P
enn
Sta
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Imag
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• White Rot Fungi• Normally Found on Mulch
• Contains Potential Enzymes to Degrade Organic Matter (Valentin et al., 2009)
Valentin, L., B. Kluczek-Turpeinen, P. Oivanen, A. Hatakka, K. Steffen and M Tuomela. 2009. Evaluation of basidiomycetous fungi for pretreatment of contaminated soil. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 84:851-858
© Ron Wolf
Imag
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. Dav
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enn
Sta
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SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS Im
age
Cou
rtesy
of S
teve
You
ng,
MI
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH1. Understand Causal Organism
A. Identify Organism by DNA SequencingB. Complete Koch’s PostulatesC. Measure Growth Rates
2. Initiate Management Strategies
CONFIRMATION OF S. STELLATUS• Completed DNA Sequencing • The DNA Sequences Were a 99% Match for
California, Michigan, South Dakota and New Zealand to Known S. stellatus From Mulch.
BUT DOES S. STELLATUS CAUSE THATCH COLLAPSE?
• Completed Koch’s Postulates– Association– Isolation– Inoculation and Symptoms Development– Re-Isolation
KOCH’S POSTULATES• Incubated 12 Mature Penn ‘A-1’ Creeping Bentgrass Plugs at 12°C and 24 hr Light for 6 Weeks• Plugs Inoculated with
– Sterilized Thatch– No Thatch– S. stellatus Infested Thatch
KOCH’S POSTULATES• Data Collection:
– Compressed Thatch Depth Measurement– Percent Total Organic Matter– Means Separated at P < 0.05 According to the Least
Significant Difference Test
FOUND S. STELLATUS CAUSES…• Decreased Thatch Layer from 2.0 cm to 1.45 cm
– Significant Reduction of 28%
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
A* A
B
Compressed Thatch Depth
Un-inoculuated control
Sterilized thatch inoculum
S. stellatus in-fested inoculum
Treatments
That
ch d
epth
(cm
)
*Combined means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD test at α = 0.05
FOUND S. STELLATUS CAUSES…• Significant Reduction of Organic Matter 21%
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Organic Matter Content
ControlS. stellatus infested
Treatments
Org
anic
Matt
er (
%)
A*
B
*Combined means followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to LSD test at α = 0.05.
KOCH’S POSTULATES• S. stellatus was Re-isolated from Infested Plugs
Association Isolation
Re-inoculation Re-isolation
GROWTH OF S. STELLATUS• Growth Temperatures
– In Vitro Growth of S. stellatus– Six Temperatures (5, 10, 15, 21, 25 and 30°C)– Radial Mycelia Growth Measured
BIOLOGY OF S. STELLATUS• S. stellatus Optimal Daily Growth Rate at 21-
30°C (70-86°F)
5 10 15 21 25 300
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
S. stellatus Growth Rate
CAMISD
Temperature °C
Aver
age
Dai
ly G
row
th R
ate
(mm
)
SUMMARY • Thatch Collapse Symptoms Observed Globally • S. stellatus Shown to Degrade Organic Matter
– Decreased Thatch Depth 28%– Total Organic Matter Reduced 21%
• Optimal Growth at 70-86°F
FLIED TRIALS FOR MANAGEMENT• Plots Inoculated with S. stellatus Infested
Thatch in May 2012• Developed Symptoms June 2012
FLIED TRIALS FOR MANAGEMENT• Ongoing Trials
– Influence of Nitrogen Sources– Preventive and Curative Fungicidal Control
• Data Collected Through the 2013 Season
Influence of Nitrogen Sources
22-Jun27-Ju
n2-Ju
l7-Ju
l12-Ju
l17-Ju
l22-Ju
l27-Ju
l1-A
ug6-A
ug
11-Aug
16-Aug
21-Aug
26-Aug
31-Aug
5-Sep
10-Sep
15-Sep
20-Sep
25-Sep
30-Sep5-O
ct
10-Oct
15-Oct
20-Oct
25-Oct
30-Oct4-N
ov9-N
ov0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Patch Development Summer 2012
Ammonium NitrateCalcium NitratePotassium NitrateAmmonium SulfateUrea20-20-20
Time
Patc
h Di
amet
er (c
m)
CURRENT MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS• Preventive:
– Manage Thatch Accumulation• Verticut • Aerify• Topdress Regularly
CURRENT MANAGEMENT SUGGESTIONS• After Symptoms Develop
– Topdress for Even Playing Surface• Fungicides?
Common Name Trade Name EC50 (ppm)Polyoxin-D Endorse 2.5 WP 0.201Azoxystrobin Heritage 50WG 0.432Pyraclostrobin Insignia 20WG 0.540Triademifon Bayleton 50DF 0.597Tebuconazole Lynx 45WP (Torque) 0.828Chlorothalonil Daconil Ultrex 82.5 WDG 1.258Flutolanil Prostar 70WP 1.951
Fidanza M. A. and D. D. Davis 2009. In vitro screening of control artillery fungi. J. Environ. Hort. 27:155-158.
CONCLUSIONS• Thatch Collapse is a New Problem in Turf• Sphaerobolus stellatus is a Casual Agent
– Grows Optimally at 70 to 86°F • Possible Management Strategies
– Endorse/Affirm, ProStar, Heritage • Tank Mix with Wetting Agent• Water-in
– Topdress Regularly• Treat Like Fairy Ring
THATCH COLLAPSE RESEARCH• Biology and Epidemiology
• Fungicide Evaluations
• Cultural Management Practices
• Thatch Degrading Enzymes
THATCH DEGRADING ENZYMES• Sidhu et al., 2012 Found Applying Fungal
Laccase Reduced Thatch Layer• S. stellatus Has Similar Enzyme Production• Biodethatching?
Sidhu S. S., Q. Huang, R. N. Carrow and P. L. Raymer. 2012. Use of fungal laccases to facilitate biodethatching: a new approach. Hort Science 47:1536-1542.
Amy M. Baetsen|| Dr. John E. KaminskiThe Pennsylvania State University
Thatch Collapse: A New Disease of Golf Course Turf