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Techniques of Fisheries

Management

SUDIP MONDAL4 th Sem. M.Sc., SIF, CUSAT

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Conventional Techniques of Fisheries management Kautilaya’s Arthasastra contains references to

the fishing operations, fish eating habits of the population and governance of the fishery.

The iron pillar edicts of emperor Asoka the great, did rule to kill the fishes during certain phases of moon.

Modern concept of fisheries management begins in the Western world.

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In Europe, J. A. Gulland popularize the term Fisheries management.

Fisheries Management in the past (prior to Gulland) has been mainly a matter of restrictive regulations.

C. L. Dawson points out, “ historically fishery management has focused primarily on the biological aspects of the fisheries and the protection and conservation of fish stocks”.

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Need for a new classification C. L. Dawson further told that fisheries contribute to

the society, economics, political. It contributes to the people who are involved in or affected by the fishery – boat builders, fishermen to fish merchants and consumer. So its scope is wider and includes a strong role in planning and executing fishery development.

Gulland notes, in this wider sense that fishery management may be considered as any control or adjustment of fishing operations ( the amount of fishing, type of gear used, size of fish caught etc.) to optimize the use of natural resource. This include not only the restrictive measures but also development plans and activities.

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Developmental Techniques These are the techniques adopted for the

management of a developing fishery or the techniques used for developing the fishery.

It consist the preparation of “ Master plan” What is master plan ???Master plan is a comprehensive plan for the all-round development of the industry in a given period of time.

It has sectoral targets to develop like marine fishing, inland fishing, aquaculture, processing, marketing etc.

3 steps –Preparation, Implementation and Evaluation

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1. Preparation of the plan Statistical Survey of the industry :-

It begins a couple of years before the actual implementation of the plan.

It starts with a review of the state of the industry with respect to its resources (natural, human and physical), the potential for the growth and constrains for development.

The planning agency commences collecting and pooling the information regarding fish stocks, manpower, fishing boats, landing center facilities and the infrastructure for processing and marketing.

Collected information are reviewed to establish the potential growth and simultaneously the constrains too.

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Identification of objectives :- Objectives of developed fisheries-1) Conservation of natural resources2) Prevention of economic waste3) Prevention of conflict4) Protection of environment5) Protection of investment

Objectives in developing fisheries-1) Improvement of nutrition2) Improvement of national economy3) Utilization of natural resources4) Opportunities for investment5) Contribution to allied industries

• Listing of the objectives is crucial in the preparation of the plan because it gives DIRECTION and MOMENTUM for planning.

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Prepare specific targets:- Targets are the concentration of objectives into

numerical values or it is referred as crystallization of objectives.

Targets are set as desirable quantities or magnitudes to be achieved at specific points of time in the future in the course of implementation of the plan.

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2. Implementation of the plan

After getting approval from parliament the “Master plan’ should be implemented.

Implementation is done by department of fisheries.It is implemented as annual plans (short run) and

five year plans (long run).Short run objectives include – promotion of

employment, earnings, consumption etc.Long run objectives include – national self – reliance

and balanced regional development.Failure of the most plan is attributed due to faulty

or poor implementation.

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3. Evaluation of the plan

For understanding the achievements evaluation of the plan is important.

It measure the extent of fulfillment of objectives and any gap prevailing there in.

Based on the evaluation, planners take the remedial measures for improving the performance of the plan.

Evaluation of the plan should be made at all successive stages of plan implementation and necessary corrections are made in the succeeding periods.

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Regulatory Techniques

These are the techniques used for regulating or controlling the operation of the industry to protect the stock, prevent conflict, prevent over-capitalization and maintain ideal or optimum conditions for the working of the industry.

It is broadly classified into two categories-1. Blanket (absolute) controls.2. Selective (partial) controls.

CATCHING BRANCH:-1) Blanket Controls on Input in the Catching Branch- Limit the number of fishermen, fishing craft, fishing gear.

(Limited entry by licensing or taxation) Limitation on the number of days, hours of operation per

week or per day. ( Effort control)

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2) Blanket controls on output in the catching branch:- The outstanding example of this is the conventional “quota

system” where in the government or the managing agency determine the total allowable catch and allocate it to individual fishermen through a system of “ permits” or “shares” or “quotas” and the fishermen once they exhaust their “ allocated shares” cease fishing during season.

3) Selective controls on inputs in the catching branch:- These controls are – 1) controls on fishing grounds (sanctuaries)

2) controls on fishing seasons (closed season)

3) controls on gear potency 4) control on effort through taxes

4) Selective controls on output in the catching branch:- Protecting specific varieties of fish which are facing overfishing. Restrictions on the catching of small size fishes during specified

periods in specified areas. A heavy dose of taxation protecting the stock.

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PROCESSING BRANCH:-1) Blanket controls on inputs in the processing branch:- Limit the number of processing enterprises through the

industrial licensing system. Through “Quota” or “Permit” system one industry can operate

for fixed hours or days per week or season.

2) Blanket controls on output in the processing branch:- Production function in the processing branch is a “Linear” and

“Homogenous” function of inputs used are likely to affect the output as well.

3) Selective controls on inputs in the processing branch:- This control prevent the processing of high priced endangered

species for export through heavy dose of taxation or by a selective ban on specific inputs use.

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4) Selective controls on output in the processing branch:- It is complementary to the controls on inputs.

MARKETING BRANCH:-1) Blanket controls on inputs in the marketing branch:- Limit the no of units engaged in the disposal of fish and then

restrict the quantity of fish handled (purchased) by each unit.

2) Blanket controls on output in the marketing branch:- Limit the number of units operating in this sector and the

volume of goods, “fish” sold by them.

3) Selective controls on inputs in the marketing branch:- Species which are marketed their age and size These restrictions can be extended to their storage,

transportation and distribution. These controls may be exercised directly or through a tax

system in the primary market.

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4) Selective controls on output in the marketing branch:- It is an extension of the controls from the primary market to

the secondary market or the ultimate market. Controls are seasonal, species limitations, age, size etc. These controls also may be exercised directly or through a

tax system.

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Thank You