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CLASSIFICATIONFinding Order Finding Order
in Diversityin Diversity
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
DEFINE TAXONOMYDiscipline of Discipline of
classifying classifying organisms and organisms and assigning each assigning each organism a organism a universally universally accepted name.accepted name. TURKEY
VULTURE(Cathartes aura)
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
WHY CLASSIFY?1. How do biologists use a 1. How do biologists use a
classification system to study classification system to study the diversity of life?the diversity of life?
to name organisms and group to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.them in a logical manner.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
WHY CLASSIFY?2. How do taxonomists group 2. How do taxonomists group
organisms when they organisms when they classify them?classify them?
Into groups that have Into groups that have biological significance.biological significance.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
WHY CLASSIFY?3. How does classification 3. How does classification
make life easier?make life easier?grouping things makes them grouping things makes them
easier to find and work witheasier to find and work with3a. What are some things we 3a. What are some things we
classify?classify?
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
C. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES1. Many organisms may 1. Many organisms may
have several different have several different common names. common names.
1a.The cougar is also 1a.The cougar is also known as the known as the mountain lion, mountain lion, catamount, or puma catamount, or puma …thus the need for a …thus the need for a scientific name.scientific name.
Felis concolorPhoto courtesy Texas
Parks and Wildlife Department © 2004
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies 2. A Swedish botanist named 2. A Swedish botanist named
Carolus Linnaeus developed Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature, a , a two-word naming systemtwo-word naming systemfor naming all speciesfor naming all specieson earth.on earth.
What do botanists What do botanists study? study?
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
2a. The first part of the 2a. The first part of the scientific name is the genus. scientific name is the genus.
This word is always written This word is always written first and capitalized.first and capitalized.
It appears in italics or is It appears in italics or is underlined.underlined.
Homo sapien
Ursus arctos horribilis
Grizzly bear picture is reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES
2b. The second part of 2b. The second part of the scientific name is the scientific name is the species name.the species name.
This word is always This word is always written second and is written second and is not capitalized.not capitalized.
It appears in italics or It appears in italics or is underlined.is underlined.
Homo sapien
Ursus arctos horribilis
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system 1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system
of classification includes of classification includes seven levels called taxa.seven levels called taxa.
They are, from largest to They are, from largest to smallest, smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, SpeciesGenus, Species..
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
2. The Kingdom is the largest and 2. The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. taxonomic categories.
3. Species is the smallest and 3. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic least inclusive of the taxonomic categories. categories.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATIONKingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, SpeciesFamily, Genus, Species..
More specific
More general
Place the taxa in the correct level of the pyramid.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
4. The more taxonomic 4. The more taxonomic levels that two levels that two organisms share, the organisms share, the more closely related more closely related they are considered they are considered to be. to be.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATIONWhat do the scientific names of the What do the scientific names of the
polar, grizzly and panda bears tell polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each you about their similarity to each other?other?
Ursus maritimus
Ursus arctos horribilis
Ailuropoda melanoleucaPictures reproduced with permission from WWF. © 2004 WWF- World Wide Fund For Nature
(Formerly World Wildlife Fund). All Rights Reserved. www.panda.org.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
THINKING CRITICALLYOrganisOrganis
mmCatCat WolfWolf FlyFly
KingdoKingdomm
AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia
PhyluPhylumm
ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ArthropodaArthropoda
ClassClass MammaliaMammalia MammaliaMammalia InsectaInsectaOrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora CarnivoraCarnivora DipteraDipteraFamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae CanidaeCanidae MuscidaeMuscidaeGenusGenus FelisFelis CanisCanis MuscaMusca
SpecieSpeciess
F. F. domesticusdomesticus
C. lupusC. lupus M. domesticaM. domestica
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
THINKING CRITICALLY1. What type of animal is 1. What type of animal is
Musca domesticaMusca domestica??2. From the table, which 2. From the table, which
2 animals are most 2 animals are most closely related?closely related?
3. At what classification 3. At what classification level does the level does the evolutionary evolutionary relationship between relationship between cats and wolves diverge cats and wolves diverge (become different)?(become different)?
Animal; insect
Cat and Wolf
Family Level
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
1. Biologists group organisms 1. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical or phylogeny, not just physical similarities.similarities.
2. Define Phylogeny: The study 2. Define Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships of evolutionary relationships among organisms.among organisms.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION3. Classification using Cladograms3. Classification using Cladograms
a. Cladograms are diagrams a. Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary that show the evolutionary relationships among a group relationships among a group of organisms.of organisms.
b. A phylogenic tree is a specific b. A phylogenic tree is a specific type of cladogram.type of cladogram.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
E. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATIONExample of a phylogenic tree.Example of a phylogenic tree.
A B C D E F
Speciation: formation of two new species from one
Clade or lineage TIM
E
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
3. CLADOGRAMSc. This cladogram shows the evolutionary c. This cladogram shows the evolutionary
relationship among several vertebrates.relationship among several vertebrates.
Fur & MammaryGlands
Jaws
Lungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
Hagfish Fish FrogLizard
Pigeon
Mouse
Chimp
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
3. CLADOGRAM
d. Characteristics listed below the d. Characteristics listed below the line are called derived line are called derived characters (traits). characters (traits).
Fur & MammaryGlands
JawsLungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
HagfishFish Frog
Lizard
PigeonMouse
Chimp
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
3. CLADOGRAM
e. When the derived character is e. When the derived character is aboveabove an organism, the organism an organism, the organism lacks that derived character. lacks that derived character.
Fur & MammaryGlands
JawsLungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
HagfishFish Frog
Lizard
PigeonMouse
Chimp
Do hagfish have jaws?
Do frogs have mammary glands?
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
3. CLADOGRAM
f. When the derived character is f. When the derived character is belowbelow the organism, the organism the organism, the organism possesses that derived character. possesses that derived character.
Fur & MammaryGlands
JawsLungs
Claws or Nails
Feathers
HagfishFish Frog
Lizard
PigeonMouse
Chimp
Do lizards have jaws?
Do pigeons have claws or nails?
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
4. VENN DIAGRAMSVenn Diagrams can be used to make Venn Diagrams can be used to make
models of a classification scheme.models of a classification scheme. Venn diagrams show hierarchy and Venn diagrams show hierarchy and
grouping relationships of organisms.grouping relationships of organisms.
A.B.
C. D.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Four groups are represented by circular regionsFour groups are represented by circular regions Each region represents different taxonomic levels.Each region represents different taxonomic levels. Regions that overlap, share common members.Regions that overlap, share common members. Regions that do not overlap do not have common Regions that do not overlap do not have common
members.members.
A.B.
C. D.
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Matching:Matching:MammalsMammalsAnimals with backbonesAnimals with backbones InsectsInsectsAll animalsAll animals
CB
DA
A.B.
C. D.