Swim ppt ch13

Chapter 13

The Child from Twelve to Eighteen Months of Age

©2014 Cengage Learning.All Rights Reserved.

Materials and Activities

• Materials for this age group must be challenging:– Watch toddlers at play for just five minutes and you will

see them walk (which looks like wandering), climb, carry things around, drop things, and continually dump whatever they can find

– Their play will change over the next few months as they begin to use toys for imaginative play

• Materials may be homemade or commercially made


Physical Development

• Toddlers walk, lurch, run, fall, bump into things, and persist in moving around in their world

• Falling is a valuable learning experience• Toddlers learn with their whole bodies• Toddlers can become absorbed in discovering

the world around them• Short attention spans?

• Eating, hand washing demonstrate new motor skills


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Physical Development

• Provide a variety of materials and activities so that the toddler can often change activities and play objects

• Provide materials that can be pushed and pulled (including furniture), carried, dumped and thrown

• Provide low climbing materials• Adjust eating and nap times to toddler’s needs• Allow toddler to self-feed


Cognitive and Language Development• Cognitive Development:– Piaget’s substages 5 and 6 explain the link

between cognitive and physical development for toddlers between 12 and 18 months• They explore objects in new ways and therefore

construct new understandings of the world• Toddlers experiment with cause and effect• Exploration is done by trial and error• Imitation of others becomes part of play• Toddlers repeat play patterns and rituals


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Cognitive Development

• Provide ‘problems to be solved’• Provide open ended materials • Encourage the child to pretend• Encourage the child to play with water and

materials• Ask questions• Verbally identify the cause of actions


Cognitive and Language Development

• Language Development:– Language in toddlers of this age expands, with

less reliance on sounds and babbling and more use of recognizable words

– By 18 months, toddlers will be asking what things and sounds are as they categorize their world

– Reading and books can provide enjoyable experiences for toddlers as well as promote language and cognitive development


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Language Development

• Repeat toddler’s words and expand into sentences• Observe toddlers to help you understand their words• Chant and sing nursery rhymes, chants, poems, and

songs throughout the day• By 15 months, the child will be more involved while

reading books (one-on-one or small group)• Writing can be encouraged by giving children paper

and pencils, crayons or markers


Emotional Development

• Toddlers seek both dependence and independence– Erikson’s second stage: Autonomy– They can make some choices and accomplish some tasks

by themselves• Toddlers experience a wide variety of emotions and

sometimes seem to swing wildly between them while gaining skills to regulate strong emotions

• Offer choices rather than commands• Use positive guidance strategies to prevent injury

and incidents• Temperaments affect responses to changes


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Emotional Development

• Determine, respond, and label emotions• Model emotions (giggle, laugh, smile)• Provide honest, workable choices• Allow toddlers to complete activities by

themselves, if able• Provide positive feedback for positive

behaviors


Social Development

• Toddlers are egocentric; they see the world from their own point of view or perspective

• Gradually, as the concept of object permanence develops, they differentiate self from other objects and people

• Toddlers are socially capable of building strong bonds with each other

• Toddlers engage in solitary plan and parallel play with toys and with other children


Suggestions for Implementing Curriculum--Social Development

• Help toddler to understand hurting others using emotional talk

• Provide enough materials and equipment so sharing can be encouraged but not required

• Do not force a toddler to interact, allow him to observe

• Provide materials and space so toddlers can play with own materials but near each other


Spotlight on Research

• Peer interactions of young toddlers– Researchers are interested in how young children acquire

complex social skills over the course of their first few years of life

– Interactions with caregivers were predominately positive whereas interactions with peers were balanced across positive and negative interactions

– More peer-initiated peer contacts occurred in classrooms with higher child-caregiver ratios

– Toddlers in family group settings demonstrated a strong sense of empathy and caring for infants and agemates


Checkpoint Discussion Questions

• With the development of eye-hand coordination, what can toddlers do now that they could not do as well several months earlier?

• Describe something a 16-month-old would do that shows she has mastered object permanence.

• Describe 2 situations in which a toddler interacts with others. Describe 2 situations in which a toddler plays alone.

• List 4 fears a toddler who is between 12 and 18 months of age might have. Explain how you would respond to these fears.


Education

Swim ppt ch13