STYLISTICS: Discourse and Context 1: Function

Discourse & Context 1:Function

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Text as Discourse

Text…the representation in

written language cohesive coherent

A. Texts as Discourse

I. Definition of TextII. Definition of DiscourseIII. Texts as Discourse

B. Functional Categories and Style

I. Modality A. Types of Modality 1. Epistemic 2. Perception 3. Deontic 4. Boulomic

II. Cohesion A. Main Mechanisms

III. Transitivity A. Key Components

IV. Discourse Presentation A. Categories

B. Formal Differences

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Text as Discourse

Discourse

…mode of speaking or writing…process of activation of a

text by relating it to a context of use







IV. Discourse Presentation A. Categories B. Formal Differences

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Text as Discourse

Text as discourse

Discourse is embedded

in texts and that texts make up discourse.








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Text as Discourse

Text as discourse

The text is the observable product of the writer’s or speaker’s

discourse.








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Functional Categories & Style

modality…it is used to reflect the

producer’s opinion about what s/he is saying or writing

…A tendency to conform to a general pattern or belong to a particular group or category.








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Types of Modality

* Epistemic* Perception* Deontic* Boulomaic








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Epistemic…speaker’s level of confidence in the truth of their utterances

She may come

= It’s possible she’ll come

=

She’ll possibly come








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Perception…usually delivered by verbs of perceiving such as ‘see’ & ‘hear’

I see that you can that you are qualified

for the position.

I hear her complaints about the new branch manager.








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Deontic…indicate the necessity of the proposition in utterance

You should do more exercise.








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Boulomaic…indicate the desirability of the proposition in utterance

I wish you would help me with the

homework.








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Cohesion…gives the idea of textual ‘tie’

between units in different sentences which helps the reader to perceive the referential identity or topical consistency of different parts of a text.








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A boy run towards the gate of their house. He forgot his lunchbox.

* tie between a pronoun and its antecedent

The boy introduced by an indefinite article ‘a’ (a boy) and on the next sentence, the pronoun ‘he’ and ‘his’ were used to pertain to the boy.








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Main Mechanisms of Cohesion

* Repetition

* Reference* Substitution* Ellipsis* Conjunction* Lexical Cohesion








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Transitivity…the way meanings are encoded

in the clause to the way different types of process is represented in language.








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Transitivity Key Components

* Verb Phrase* Participants* Prepositional & Adverb Phrases








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Discourse Presentation…most of the formal features differentiating the various modes of speech and thought presentation are the same. However, the effects are different, especially the distance from or the closeness of the narrator’s language and ideology.








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Functional Categories & StyleCategories of Discourse/Speech

Presentation(Leech and Short 1981)

* Narrative Report of Speech Act (NRSA)* Direct Speech* Indirect Speech* Free Direct Speech* Free Indirect Speech








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Functional Categories & StyleNarrative Report of Speech Act

(NRSA)He agreed.

Direct SpeechHe said, ‘I Agree.’

Indirect SpeechHe said that he agreed.

Free Direct SpeechI agree.

Free Indirect SpeechHe was in an agreement.








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Formal differences between

direct

and indirect discourse

• The inverted commas are removed• The speech is marked by a

subordinate (e.g. that)• Any 1st and 2nd person pronouns

change to third person• Any present tense verbs change to

past (including auxiliaries)








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References

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=JOHAfctPly8C&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=functional+categories+and+style+in+stylistics&source

http://stylistics.minb.de/index.php?c=Speech%20and%20Thought%20Presentation

Simpson, P. (2004). Stylistics : A resource Book for Students. New York, Routledge

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IV. Discourse Presentation A. Categories

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Education

STYLISTICS: Discourse and Context 1: Function