NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Study the following sources about 19th century nationalism in Europe carefully and answer all the questions that follow

Source 1 - A Hungarian Petition from 1848:

What does the Hungarian nation want?

1. We want a free press and an end to censorship. 2. Responsible government in Budapest. 3. Annual meetings of the parliament in Pest. 4. Equality before the law in civil and religious matters. 5. A national guard. 6. Equality of taxation. 7. An end to feudal dues. 8. A jury system … Equality, Liberty, Fraternity

Source 2 - A cartoon by Auguste Desperret, June 6th 1833:

Text with the cartoon reads: ‘third eruption of the volcano of 1789, to take place before the end of the world, which will shake all thrones, and overturn a horde of monarchies’

Detail

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Source 3 Croats as seen by Serbs

Croatian people have no distinctive language, no common customs, no strong common way of life, not even the crucial thing of the consciousness of a common belonging; thus, they can not form a distinctive nationality. He who knows the framework of Croatian constitutional law can easily be convinced. A farmer from the Zagreb area is not only ignorant that there are in Dalmatia, in Slavonia, in Istria, or even in Bosnia some people who are called "Croats", he also does not realise that he himself belongs to the Croatian nationality. Croatians are not therefore and can not be a distinctive nationality, but they are on their way to become a Serbian nationality. Taken from N. Stoianovic, Serbes et Croates, jusqu'à l'extermination, la nôtre ou la vôtre,

1902.

Source 4 - The Hungarian Nationality Law, November 29th 1868

1: As a result of the political Unification of the Nation, the national language of Hungary is Hungarian, therefore the language of consultation and business will be Hungarian for the future; law will be enacted in Hungarian … 21: The (Austrian) civil servants of the communities are obliged to use the language of the members of the community (Hungarian) in contact with them …

Source 5 - Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.

'...men are of the same nation if and only if they recognize each other as belonging to the same nation. In other words, nations are made of men's convictions and loyalties. People who live in a particular territory, or who speak a particular language, become a nation if and when they recognize certain rights and duties to each other as members of the nation. It is their recognition of each other as members of a nation which makes a nation, not their shared attributes (common language, shared landscape, etc.) which separates them as members from non- members of a nation.'

Source 6: Francisco Goya,3 de Mayo (The Third of May)

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Map 1 – Europe at the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815

Map 2 – Europe in 1914

NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Questions 1 a. What is meant by points 4 and 7 in Source 1?

b. What is the message of Source 2?

2. Compare and contrast the views on language and nation given in Sources 3, 4 and 5.

3. How useful and reliable is Source 6 for a historian studying the causes of nationalism

4. Using these documents (especially maps 1 and 2) and your knowledge, how significant was the role of nationalism in changing the geography of Europe?