StepS in implementation of waterShed – Size and Selection of waterShed- baSic reSource

SurveyS problemS appraiSal and plan formulation

Department of AgronomyAgricultural College, Bapatla

class seminar on

Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University

By Medida Sunil Kumar BAD-14-06

Definition

A unit of area covers all the land which contributes

runoff to a common point or outlet and surrounded

by a ridge line.

Steps in watershed management

Recognition phase

Restoration phase

Protection phase

Improvement phase

I. Recognition Phase

Recognition of the problem

Analysis of the cause of the problem and its effect.

Development of alternative solutions of problem.

II. Restoration phase

Selection of best solution to problems identified

Application of the solution to the problems of the land

III. Protection Phase

General health of the watershed

Normal functioning

Protection is against all factors which may cause

detrimental effects to watershed condition

IV. Improvement phase

Overall improvement

Agriculture, forest management & production, forage

production and pasture management.

Socio economic conditions

Health, family planning, improving cattle, poultry, etc. are

taken depending upon intensity.

Size Size of watershed determines the quantity of rainfall

received retained and runoff.

Larger the watershed, larger be the channel and storage of

water in basin.

Large watershed characteristics are topography, geology,

soil, climate and vegetation.

Types of watersheds based on sizeS. No Type of Watershed Area Covered

1 Micro Watershed 0 to 10 ha

2 Small Watershed 10 to 40 ha

3 Mini Watershed 40 to 200 ha

4 Sub Watershed 200 to 400 ha

5 Macro Watershed 400 to 1000 ha

6 River basin above 1000 ha

Selection of watershed area

Physical criteria

Social criteria

Physical criteria Low soil fertility Undulating Topography Land degradation Soil erosion Depleted water table No land treatment structures Downstream impacts Inappropriate agricultural Practices Problems with flooding Poor vegetation cover Deforestation High percentage of wastelands High rainfall

Social criteria Small marginal farmers

Labour availability

Credit Management skills

Tribal status

Peoples interest/response

Presence of peoples institutions

State of poverty

No other source of income

Presence of bonded labour

Inability to meet consumption needs

Presence of villages/people

Migration trends

Surveying

It is the art of determining the relative positions of different

object on the surface of the earth by measuring the

horizontal distance between them and by preparing a map to

any suitable scale.

Types of Surveying [Classification]Primary Classification or Primary Division : Plane surveying Geodetic surveyingPlane Surveying :

The shape of the earth is spherical. Thus the surface is obviously curved. But in plane surveying the curvature of earth is not taken into account. This is because plane surveying is carried out over a small area, so the surface of the earth is considered as a plane. The degree of accuracy required in this type of surveying is completely low. Plane surveying is done on an area of less than 250km2.

Geodetic surveying :In geodetic surveying the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration. It is extended over a large area greater than 250km2. The line joining any two points considered as a curved line.

Base line data collection

Household census survey

Bio-physical survey

Village level data collection

problems appraisal

For achieving

Information packets

Educational presentations by technical specialists

Watershed tour

Discussion sessions with stakeholders and

government officials

Problem appraisal helps bring about a more effective planning process with improved decision-making and an increased likelihood of plan implementation by

Identify short-term projects to maintain momentum and build trust and confidence in the planning process.

Encouraging holistic thinking by increasing understanding of watershed functions, land uses and interactions.

Providing an opportunity to gather relevant social, cultural and political information about watershed communities.

Initiating public outreach with non-committee members and potential partners.

Signs of a successful RRA

Committee members with different views had fruitful

discussions.

Committee members learned about previously unknown

aspects of their watershed.

Committee member are more aware of possible impacts

of solutions

Committee members gained an increased sense of the

importance of their task and the complexity of problems

Problem Appraisal Tips Conduct the problem appraisal after the committee has met a

couple of times.

Select a group of two or three people to do the organizing with

assistance from natural resource conservation society.

Brainstorm ideas from the entire committee about what they want

to see and learn during the problem appraisal

Limit participants in the tour portion of the problem appraisal to

those that can be accommodated on a single bus.

At the committee meeting after the RRA, discuss newly identified

concerns, insights gained, opportunities identified, etc. Build on

this information throughout the planning.

Stages in design and appraisal

Plan formulation

Determining management goals

• Realistic goals for the proposed plan

• Goals should be progressive and allow for future

adjustments

Determining priorities and sequences

• Not all watershed work can be started at the same time

• Priority for sub-watersheds and works

• Clear determination of priorities and sequences of work

Preliminary or interim reporting

• Mid-point of project = concise preliminary or interim

report

• Omit many technical details but should emphasize

important issues

• Explain long-term and short-term targets

• Economic assessment

• General approval of the planning methodology

Detailed financing plans

• After the government and funding agencies have agreed

on the new project in principle financial plan is required

• Direct investment (i.e., administration, training,

fellowships, purchasing, materials, labour, transportation,

etc)

• Money used for production

Determining the contents of final report Summary and recommendations. Descriptions of watershed conditions (biophysical). Analysis of major watershed problems (biophysical, socio-

economic, institutional, etc.). Watershed management needs (including goals, alternatives,

strategies, and effects, etc.). Economic and other assessments (including benefit, cost analysis

and others). Work programmes (including targets, work schedules, budgeting,

financial arrangements and monitoring and evaluation needs). Detailed recommendations. Appendices (including methodology, techniques, maps, photos,

detailed figures, etc.).

Preparing the final report• The preparation of a final report is the last step of the whole task.

To avoid delay in its production, once the contents are determined

it is necessary to make concrete and detailed decisions concerning:

• The approximate length of each chapter or section.

• The person or organization responsible for preparing each chapter

• A deadline for draft submission and discussion.

• Nomination of a chief editor and specification of his or her duties.

- A final deadline for report submission.

END