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Brain Research - LTCY 199 - Summer 2009 - Nature vs Nurture
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How the Brain is Wired:How the Brain is Wired:Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture
LTCY 199LTCY 199
Stephen HowardStephen Howard
Definition of Definition of Nature/NurtureNature/Nurture
Nature: Also known as “nativism” or Nature: Also known as “nativism” or “innatism”.“innatism”.The idea that traits or abilities are “native” or The idea that traits or abilities are “native” or
coded into human brains at birth.coded into human brains at birth.Nurture: Also known as “empiricism” or Nurture: Also known as “empiricism” or
“behavioralism”.“behavioralism”.The idea that intelligence is obtained, not The idea that intelligence is obtained, not
through birth, but experience.through birth, but experience.
Tabula RasaTabula Rasa
Term coined by John Locke, Latin for Term coined by John Locke, Latin for ‘blank slate’.‘blank slate’.
Center of Nature v. Nurture Argument. Center of Nature v. Nurture Argument. Tabula rasa favors the idea of nurture.Tabula rasa favors the idea of nurture.Occasionally considered irrelevant by Occasionally considered irrelevant by
supporters of nature, because the cerebral supporters of nature, because the cerebral cortex has predefined programming.cortex has predefined programming.
Elaboration on NatureElaboration on Nature Supporters of nature, in the most pragmatic Supporters of nature, in the most pragmatic
form, believe that individuals are most influenced form, believe that individuals are most influenced by biological factors.by biological factors.
Supporters of nature tend to cite the theories of Supporters of nature tend to cite the theories of Freud, Piaget and EriksonFreud, Piaget and Erikson Freud supports psychosexual ideology, which Freud supports psychosexual ideology, which
believes that humans are fueled through lives via their believes that humans are fueled through lives via their sexual desires.sexual desires.
Erikson believes in psychosocial ideology, which Erikson believes in psychosocial ideology, which states that humans go through life, struggling to states that humans go through life, struggling to obtain a suitable social status.obtain a suitable social status.
Piaget will also be mentioned briefly, concerning his Piaget will also be mentioned briefly, concerning his studies on learning.studies on learning.
Erikson’s Erikson’s Psychosocial StagesPsychosocial Stages
Infancy (Birth to 16 Months)Infancy (Birth to 16 Months) Trust vs. MistrustTrust vs. Mistrust
Early Childhood (2 to 3 Years)Early Childhood (2 to 3 Years) Autonomy vs. Shame and MisdoubtAutonomy vs. Shame and Misdoubt
Preschool (3 to 5 Years)Preschool (3 to 5 Years) Initiative vs. GuiltInitiative vs. Guilt
School Age (6 to 11 Years)School Age (6 to 11 Years) Industry vs. Inferiority Industry vs. Inferiority
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)Adolescence (12 to 18 Years) Identity vs. Role Confusion Identity vs. Role Confusion
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Years)Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Years) Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy vs. Isolation
Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years)Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 Years) Generativity vs. StagnationGenerativity vs. Stagnation
Maturity (65 to Death)Maturity (65 to Death) Ego Integrity vs. DespairEgo Integrity vs. Despair
Hollitscher, W. (1970). Sigmund Freud, an introduction; a presentation of his theory, and a discussion of the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociology.
Freud’s Stages ofFreud’s Stages ofPsychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development
Oral, 0-18 Months.Oral, 0-18 Months. Focuses on the mouth.Focuses on the mouth.
Anal, 18-36 Months.Anal, 18-36 Months. Focuses on urination and defecation.Focuses on urination and defecation.
Phallic, 3-5 Years.Phallic, 3-5 Years. Oedipus and Electra Complex.Oedipus and Electra Complex.
Latency, 6 Years-Puberty.Latency, 6 Years-Puberty. Identified by suppression of sexual desires.Identified by suppression of sexual desires.
Genital, Post-Puberty.Genital, Post-Puberty. Identified by the want to fulfill sexual desires.Identified by the want to fulfill sexual desires.
Syque (2002-2009). Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: http://changingminds.org/explanations/learning/freud_stage.htm
Piaget’s StagesPiaget’s Stagesof Developmentof Development
Sensori-MotorSensori-MotorBirth-2 YearsBirth-2 Years
Pre-OperationalPre-Operational2-7 Years2-7 Years
Concrete OperationalConcrete Operational7-11 Years7-11 Years
Formal OperationalFormal Operational11 Years-Onward11 Years-Onward
Atherton, J. (May 23, 2009). Piaget's Developmental Theory. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm
Concerning NurtureConcerning Nurture
Science tends to have an obvious bias Science tends to have an obvious bias towards nature, seeing nurture is difficult towards nature, seeing nurture is difficult to research.to research.
Majority of nurture research refers directly Majority of nurture research refers directly to behaviorismto behaviorism
Behaviorism andBehaviorism andBehaviorism TheoryBehaviorism Theory
Developed during 20Developed during 20thth century. century.Behaviorism: ‘Response to Stimuli’. Behaviorism: ‘Response to Stimuli’. Common theory used in education.Common theory used in education.Several different ‘subcategories’ within the Several different ‘subcategories’ within the
behaviorism theory.behaviorism theory.
Behaviorism SubtopicsBehaviorism Subtopics
ClassicalClassicalMethodologicalMethodologicalRadicalRadicalTeleological Teleological Additional subtopics are cited, but these Additional subtopics are cited, but these
subcategories are considered ‘standard’.subcategories are considered ‘standard’.
Culatta, R. (2009). Culatta, R. (2009). Behaviorist Learning TheoryBehaviorist Learning Theory. Retrieved July. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: 9, 2009 from , Web site: http://www.innovativelearning.com/teaching/behaviorism.html http://www.innovativelearning.com/teaching/behaviorism.html
Why Does This Matter?Why Does This Matter?
Learning about your nature, your nurture, Learning about your nature, your nurture, contributes to your self-awareness.contributes to your self-awareness.
Self awareness leads to self-actualization. Self awareness leads to self-actualization. Reaching self-actualization makes us Reaching self-actualization makes us
more proficient learners.more proficient learners.
Works CitedWorks Cited Atherton, J. (May 23, 2009). Atherton, J. (May 23, 2009). Piaget's Developmental TheoryPiaget's Developmental Theory..
Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/piaget.htm
Tabula RasaTabula Rasa. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from Web site:. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from Web site: http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Tabula_rasa http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Tabula_rasa
Hollitscher, W. (1970). Sigmund Freud, an introduction; a presentationHollitscher, W. (1970). Sigmund Freud, an introduction; a presentation of his theory, and a discussion of the relationship between of his theory, and a discussion of the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociology. psychoanalysis and sociology.
Syque (2002-2009). Syque (2002-2009). Freud's Psychosexual Stage TheoryFreud's Psychosexual Stage Theory. Retrieved. Retrieved July 9, 2009 from , Web site: July 9, 2009 from , Web site: http://changingminds.org/explanations/learning/freud_stage.htm http://changingminds.org/explanations/learning/freud_stage.htm
McDevitt, T. M. & Ormrod, J. E. (2004). McDevitt, T. M. & Ormrod, J. E. (2004). Child Development: EducatingChild Development: Educating and Working with Children and Adolescents and Working with Children and Adolescents (2nd ed.). Columbus, (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Pearson. OH: Pearson.