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Status of ICT structure, infrastructure and applications existed to manage and disseminate information and knowledge of Plant Genetic Resources Innovations Information in the Region: Jordan
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Current Status of Plant
Genetic Resources in Jordan:
Challenges and Future
Strategies
S. Saifan*
Information paper submitted to the Inception workshop of the regional project TCP/SNO/3401- Optimizing the Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture for Adaptation to Climate Change, Beirut, 19-20 August 2013
* National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE), Jordan. Head, Plant genetic resources department. P.O.Box 639-Baqa'19381 Jordan, Tel: 00962 6 4725071. Fax: 00962 6 4726099. E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
Biogeography and biodiversity of Jordan (Value
of Jordanian plant biodiversity, Threats of plant
diversity and PGRFA in Jordan)
International treaties and national respond
Institutes interested in PGR in Jordan
Management of PGR in Jordan
Gaps and needs
Inside…
The challenges of climate change impact, population increase, loss of diversity and food security becomes more precarious.
PGRFA is an accelerating field of interest that is becoming increasingly important to face these challenges.
Jordan has to consider and adopt effective strategy for PGRFA and develop active breeding programs to develop new varieties of crop plants adapted to the changing environment.
The government of the Jordan is making an effort through strengthening its national programs as well as international relations.
This report presents a summary of Jordan PGR strategy, policies and national programs.
Introduction
Vegetation map illustrates natural vegetation of Jordan
Biogeography and biodiversity of Jordan
Altitude (-400 m to1750 masl).
Rinfall (50- 600 mm)
Eco-geographical Zones:
The highland mountains region; the
eastern desert; the Jordan valley; and the
Aqaba gulf
Vegetation types (13):
Pine forest, evergreen oak
forest, Deciduous oak forest, Juniper
forest, Mediterranean non-forest
region, steppe
vegetation, Halophytic, Sandy
dunes, Hammada, Tropical, Acacia and
rocky vegetation, Hydrophytic, and Mud
flats
Species richness: 9.1 species/100 km²
(Danin, 2001).
Diversity:
2500 species (1% of the total world
flora)
152 families
700 genera (Jordan country study, 1998).
Value of Jordanian plant biodiversity- Direct utilization: edible for human, grazing for animals, parent of
cultivated species,
- Jordan flora figure out important landraces and wild relatives of globally important crops(wheat, barley, oat, lentil, vetch, cowpea, peas, etc.).
- Include valuable genetic resources for crop improvements (drought and saline resistant plants, medicinal, soil fixing, nitrogen fixing, and disease resistance).
- Contain species adapted to the Jordan environment and are integral to the sustainability of production systems and hence they considered key for comprehensive national development.
Threats of plant diversity and PGR in Jordan
Habitat degradation and fragmentation cause loss of genetic diversity and lead to genetic vulnerability and erosion
Climate change
Over collection
Over-grazing Deforestation
Agricultural
development
Urbanization
Jordan and the international treaties
International treaties relevant to PGR and ratified by Jordan
Treaty Year Goals
International convention for the protection
of new varieties (UPOV)1991
protect intellectual property rights (IPR) for
new varieties
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992Conservation BD, Sustainable utilization,
Benefets sharing
UN framework convention on climate
change1994
Develop national frameworks to face
climate change impact
The Cartagana protocol for biosafety 2000Adopt protocols and regulations for safe
movement and use of GMO.
International Treaty on plant genetic
resources for food and Agriculture
(ITPGRFA)
2001Maintain PGRFA, Sustainable utilization of
PGRFA, Equitable and benefit sharing
The Nagoya – Kuala Lumpur
Supplementary Protocol on Liability and
Redress.
2010
Conservation and sustainable use of BD to
protect from damage resulting from living
modified organisms (LMOs)
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable
Sharing of Benefits Arising from their
Utilization to the CBD
2010
sharing the benefits arising from the
utilization of genetic resources in a fair and
equitable way
Policy Issued by Year
National Environmental Strategy (NES) Ministry of Municipal, Rural affairs
and environment
1991
National Environmental Action Plan
(NEAP)
Ministry of Planning 1995
Water Strategy and Policies Ministry of Water 1998
National Agenda 21 General Corporation for
Environmental Protection
2001
Poverty Reduction Strategy Ministry of Social Development 2001
National strategy for agricultural
development (2000-2010)
Higher Socio-economic Council 2002
Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Ministry of Environment 2002
National Strategy for Tourism Ministry of Tourism 2004
National Energy Strategy Ministry of Energy 2005
National Strategy and Action Plan to
Combat Desertification
Ministry of Environment 2005
The National Agenda Royal National Agenda Committee 2006
National strategy for plant conservation
(WS &CWR)Under discussion
Policies and strategies relevant to PGR in Jordan
National institutes interested in Plant genetic resources in Jordan
National Centre for Agriculture and Extension (NCARE)
Ministry of Agriculture (MOA).
Ministry of Environment (MOE).
The Royal Society for Conservation Nature (RSCN).
Jordan Universities.
The Royal Botanic Garden.
The Higher Council for Science and Technology
(HCST).
Management of plant genetic resources in Jordan
During 1952 and 1977 old cultivars of durum wheat have been collected
and deposited at USDA and in BARI gene banks.
Collection in cooperation with ICARDA (1981-2012), more than 1300
accessions of cereals and legumes were collected.
Collection in cooperation with BI (1995, 2012) for cereals and vegetable
landraces.
Collection in cooperation with Kew garden/UK (2001-2009) for wild
species .
Collection in cooperation with IPK genebank (2012) for wild barley.
Collection of various plant species conducted by NCARE (1996-2012)
Frequent collection in cooperation with Jordanian research institutes.
Collection
Wild Barley, 2012
Hordeum vulgare subsp. Spontaneum 72 acc from 30 site, May 2012
Conservation (In situ) of PGR in Jordan
Agrobidiversity project: on-farm conservation (6)
Medicinal plant project:
12 sites designated for
In situ conservation
RSCN: 13 protected
areas (natural reserves)
MoA: 15 natural reserves
Conservation (Ex situ) of PGR in Jordan
National seed bank at NCARE
Field Banks: 3 fields (NCARE) maintained old
cultivars and stocks of
olive, almond, pistachio, pomegranate, fig and
medicinal..
Botanic gardens:
RBG, UOJ (research
and herbaria)
In vitro: under research
Conservation (Ex situ) of PGR in Jordan
National gene Bank at NCARE (1996)
Capability
-Laboratory and seed drying facilities
- Cold stores (0 - 4c)
- Herbarium unit with 4000
specimens collected since 1886.
Genebank database
- Data management
facilities capable to
connect with GIS.
NCARE genebank progress 1996-2012
Families 87
Genera 435
Species 656
Subspecies 65
Diversity
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012
Crop type percentage conserved at NCARE
genebank (2012)
48%
9%
3%
8%
0%
3%
1%
5%
8%
15%
%
Cereals
Forage Legumes
Food Legumes
Medicinal Plants
Oil seeds
Others
Range Shrubs
Trees
Vegetables
Wild Plants
Activity
Collection
Conservation
Multiplication
Plant protection
Rehabilitation
Water research
Strategy and plans
Evaluation
Direct Utilization
Climate change
Biotechnology and tissue culture
Activities and utilization of PGR in Jordan
(categorized by research type)
No Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
1Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Acanthus syriacus
2Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Scrophulariales Acanthaceae Blepharis attenuata
3Plantae Pterophyta Pteridopsida Polypodiales Adiantaceae Adiantum
capillus-
veneris
4Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Aizoon canariense
5Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Aizoon hispanicum
6Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Caryophyllales Aizoaceae
Mesembryanthem
um nodiflorum
7Plantae
Angiospermae Oppositifoliae
(Dicotyledoneae) Caryophyllales Aizoaceae Opophytum forsskalii
New Jordan plant checklist (2521 species), IUCN & RBG
Jordan plant Red list, IUCN & RBG
Utilization of PGR in Jordan
Utilization of plant genetic resources in Jordan
categorized by crop type.
Crop Percentage (%)
Wheat 15.70
Barley 15.70
Chickpea 1.65
Lentils 4.13
Bean 2.48
forage legumes 4.96
Trees 20.66
Vegetables 8.26
Medicinal and aromatic 9.92
Others 16.53
Exchanging PGR at NCARE genebank (1996-2012). Loan seeds
Year No. of accessions Crop type
1996 0
1997 27
1998 10
1999 13 FL, VEG, Wheat, Barley
2000 29 Wheat,VEG
2001 85 Wheat,VEG, Tree (Pyrus sp), FL
2002 96 VEG, WS
2003 16 WS
2004 26 Tree (Pistacia), VEG, MP
2005 77 MP, VEG, FL
2006 19 Wheat, Tree (Moringa), MP (Thymus sp., Mellissa sp)
2007 85 MP, VEG, Sh, Barley
2008 24 FL, VEG, MP, Tree, Barley
2009 74 MP, VEG, Wheat (wild),
2010 16 Oil seed (Sesamum), Ornamental (Orchis sp.)
2011 50 VEG, MP
2012 200 Barley, WS, VEG, MP, Tree
Total 847
FL: Forage legumes, MP: Medicinal plant, Sh: Shrub, VEG: Vegetables, WLP: Wild species.
legal constraints like:
• Lack of a specified PGR legislative for regulating access to genetic resources
and benefits sharing.
• Lack of systematic integration of the conservation, sustainable use
and benefits sharing concepts in the national policy formulation process.
• Lack of economic incentives and valuation of plant genetic resources for food
and agriculture.
• Weak linkages between research and policy making.
• Weak enforcement of laws and legislations.
Gaps and needs
- Need to improve national genebanks and the coverage of diversity in ex
situ collections, including CWR and farmer varieties, coupled with better
documentation, characterization, and evaluation of collections.
- Need for awareness about PGRFA including MLS and ABS.
- Need attention toward conservation and use of PGRFA of neglected and
underutilized crops and non food crops.
- Capacity building in management for PGR (seed technology, taxonomy,
cyto-genetics, breeding, ex situ, in situ and on-farm PGR management).
- Institutional collaboration is important for sustainable utilization of PGR,
there is still lack of a long-term coordination mechanism between
institutions working in PGR in general and PGRFA in particular. In addition
there is a lack of local community and farmer institutions that enable the
sustainable use of PGRFA.
End of presentation
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