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SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that
brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States
Constitution.
a. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.
Colonial government during and immediately after the American Revolution.
“Confederation”– a loose agreement
Articles of Confederation
Land Ordinance of 1785 – determined how land would be sold – 640 acres for no less than $640
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – when any territory had population of 5000 free male adults, it could choose an assembly and Congress would name a governing council – reach 60,000, apply to become a state – done with OH, IN, IL, MI, and WI
Land policy
1 vote for each state, regardless of size Congress was powerless to regulate
foreign and interstate commerce No executive or judicial branches Amended only with consent of ALL states 9/13 majority required to pass laws
Articles of Confederation Weaknesses:
Farmers arm themselves to prevent courts from opening and foreclosing on their land.
Rebellion put down by military; 4 killed. Shays’ Rebellion showed weaknesses in
government & need for change.
Daniel Shays’ Rebellion
Congress in 1787 passed resolution endorsing convention “for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation”
55 came, only 39 stayed to end, 36 signers – ave age 42 – Franklin oldest at 81
Sworn to secrecy Washington presiding officer, Madison
secretary – Father of Constitution No Jefferson, Adams, or Hamilton
Philadelphia Convention
SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the
United States Constitution.
b. Evaluate the major arguments of the anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution as put forth in The Federalist concerning form of government, factions, checks and balances, and the power of the executive, including the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
Article VII said would be effective when approved by 9 states – submitted in 1787
Debate b/t Federalists who wanted Constitution and strong central govt and Anti-Federalists who didn’t
Ratification
Anti-Feds saw no advantage for them in new Constitution and were afraid strong central govt would violate their rights
Aka The Federalist Papers – series of essays published b/t 1787 and 1788 –
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
Defended Constitution –
The Federalist
9th state to ratify was New Hampshire, in 1788, but needed VA and NY to be successful
When Bill of Rights promised, VA came in, soon followed by New York – RI was last
Ratification, cont
Sept 13, 1788, NY City picked as capital Oct 10, 1788 Confederation Congress
disbanded with Franklin saying, “nothing is certain but death and taxes”
SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption
and implementation of the United States Constitution.
c. Explain the key features of the Constitution, specifically the Great Compromise, separation of powers, limited government, and the issue of slavery.
Unicameral legislature based on equal representation
Congress have power to tax, regulate commerce, have plural executive with no veto and a supreme court
New Jersey (small state) Plan
Presented by James Madison Separate branches Federal system Bicameral legislature – based on
population –◦lower house based on popular vote – ◦upper house elected by state legislatures
Virginia (large state) Plan
Great Compromise aka Connecticut Compromise (Roger Sherman) – ◦lower house by population, ◦upper by equality – each state gets 2,
vote as individuals
Compromises
3/5 Compromise – 3/5 slaves count for taxation and representation◦No slave trade after 20 years (1808)
No discussion of women’s rights
Nat’l govt could: tax, regulate commerce, raise an army and navy, make laws binding to citizens
States denied power to issue money, void contracts, make treaties or wage war, and levy tariffs
Other Agreements
The Constitution
Preamble—Introduction Articles— Body Amendments 1-10 are known as the
Bill of Rights, all ratified in 1791.◦ Federalists had to agree to add these to the
Constitution in order to have it ratified by all of the states.
There are 27 Amendments in total, each reflects changes in American society.◦ See handout for a list of Amendments.
Government is based on the idea of popular sovereignty.
The Legislative branch is first in the Constitution because it is closest to the American people.
Requirements for the House of Reps:◦ 25 years old◦ U.S. citizen for 7 years◦ Resident of the state in which you were elected
Requirements for the Senate:◦ 30 years old◦ U.S. citizen for 9 years◦ Resident of the state in which you were elected
Article I—Congress
Requirements to be President◦Natural Born citizen of the U.S.◦35 years old◦Live in U.S. for 14 years
Cabinet—President’s advisors (15 departments)
22nd Amendment limits to 2 terms; 10 years max
Article II—Executive Branch
Supreme Court Justices serve for “life or good behavior” Power to declare laws “Constitutional or
Unconstitutional” comes from Marbury v. Madison Case◦ (we will talk about court cases later in the unit)
Article III—Judicial Branch
The writers of the Constitution knew that the limits of the powers and responsibilities of each branch were not always clear.
To keep the branches equal in power, the writers developed a system of checks and balances
System of Checks and Balances(Don’t copy)
This system of checks and balances has several pros and cons:◦slows the process of making decisions
and taking action. ◦It gives American citizens time to learn
about the issues and to give their opinions.
◦It also gives the government time to think about the effects of any new law.
SSUSH 5 eExplain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton).
New Government Temp president of Senate counted ballots
and pronounced Washington unanimous choice of Electoral College for president
Adams second-most votes so VP
Structure of Government Congress created executive departments: Dept of State=foreign affairs=Jefferson Dept of Treasury=financial affairs=
Hamilton Attorney General=legal affairs=Edmund
Randolph Made up Cabinet to advise president Chief Justice=John Jay
Hamilton’s economic plan: establishing the public credit Federal and state govt in debt from war Hamilton said all debts were a national
responsibility States with lower debts or who had paid
debts didn’t want it – usually Southern Compromise – agree to plan and get
national capital on Potomac—Washington, D.C.
Hamilton’s economic program: National bank Would issue bank notes (paper money) as a
natl currency, expand capital But was this constitutional? Led to division
between strict and broad constructionism – how closely do we follow the Constitution?
Washington signed bill for a bank
Hamilton’s economic program: encouraging manufactures Excise tax on alcoholic beverages National mint to provide money Govt encourage manufacturing So set up protective tariffs Believed even agricultural areas would
benefit from increased manufacturing
Hamilton’s successes Began retiring war debt Enhanced value of American currency Secured gov’t credit Attracted foreign capital Helped create prosperity in new nation at
end of 1700s
Republican alternative Get two political parties: Feds: Hamilton,
Washington, Adams Republicans: Madison and Jefferson – aka
Democratic Republicans – Main issue was power of federal govt –
Foreign issues Brit and France at war beginning in 1793 –
lasted until Waterloo in 1815 1778 Treaty of Alliance had US perpetual
allies of France- but we didn’t want to – Washington issues neutrality proclamation
on April 22, 1793 which declared US “friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers”
Citizen Genet Washington recognized France’s new govt
and received ambassador Edmond Genet Genet outfitted privateers to capture British
ships and conspired with others to attack Fla and LA b/c Spain opposed French Rev
Cabinet decided unanimously that he had to go – hard to sympathize with French
Hard with Britain too b/c they began to seize our ships in Caribbean
Jay’s Treaty Jay was named special envoy to Britain w/
orders:◦ Get British out of forts on our land◦ Win payment for lost American ships◦ Win payment for lost American slaves in 1783◦ Get commercial treaty which would allow us to
trade in British West Indies
Jay’s Treaty, cont Got two: forts and damages for ships In return, Jay agreed to list of demands from
the British Not a good treaty, but way to avoid war so
Washington signed it
Whiskey Rebellion Tax on liquor had farmers mad Rebellion in W PA where they terrorized tax
collectors and taxpayers – robbed mail, stopped courts, and threatened attack on Pittsburgh
Whiskey Rebellion,con’t 1794 Washington ordered them dispersed called militia from VA, MD, PA and NJ – led
by Gen. Henry Lee could catch only a few whom Washington
pardoned mixed reaction: some said showed new
gov’t’s ability to enforce law – others thought sign of heavy-handed federal govt
Pinckney’s Treaty Spain claimed land up into GA, AL, and TN
but couldn’t consolidate control Paid Indians to attack us US ambassador Thomas Pinckney got Spain
to accept 31st parallel as boundary, allow US to use Miss River and New Orleans for free, and a promise to stop having Indians attack us
Very popular
Washington’s Farewell In Farewell Address Warned against sectionalism Warned against partisanship Warned against permanent alliances
Election of 1796 Feds: John Adams and Thomas Pinckney Reps: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Not quite fully developed political parties,
but this is essential breakdown Adams wins presidency, Jefferson has
second most votes so he is vice president
War with France France plundering our ships looking for
contraband France broke diplomatic relations with US XYZ Affair: Adams sent Charles Pinckney, John
Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry to France – X, Y, Z approach them and say negotiations would begin after they pay the French $250,000 bribe – we said no
War with France We were in undeclared naval war from
1798-1800 Congress authorized capture of armed
French ships, suspended commerce and renounced 1778 Treaty of Alliance
Congress created Dept of Navy and increased number of ships
French want peace so war stops
War at home Feds and Reps called each other traitors 1797 Jefferson hired “journalist” James
Callender to write pamphlet showing Adams wanted monarchy with him as king
Adams took higher road and asked Jefferson to join him in creating bipartisan administration but Jefferson declined
Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act incr # of years you had to
live in US to be citizen from 5-14 Alien Act gave president power to deport
“dangerous” aliens Sedition Act made it illegal to conspire
against government, including insurrection or rioting – also no “false, scandalous and malicious” speech against govt
Very anti-foreign
Alien and Sedition Acts, cont Purpose was to punish Reps – new
immigrant/citizens tended to vote Rep All 10 convictions were Republicans To counter, Jefferson and Madison wrote KY
and VA Resolutions◦ Said Alien and Sedition Acts were violations of
constitutional rights and said states could “nullify” them if necess
Election of 1800 Complaints against Feds: taxes to support an unnecessary army, Alien and Sedition Acts, fears about Adams and monarchism, anger at Hamilton’s economic program, suppression of Whiskey Rebellion Jay’s Treaty
Election of 1800, cont Feds: John Adams and Charles Pinckney- Reps: Jefferson and Burr tied so went to House of Reps – Hamilton
supported Jefferson Revolution of 1800 because party changed
Federalist appointments Before leaving office, Federalists in
Congress passed Judiciary Act of 1801 Created 16 circuit courts and increased
numbers of other judge positions Adams named John Marshall chief justice of
Supreme Court