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INTRODUCTION
• Milk is defined as the whole, fresh, clean,lacteal secretion obtained by the completemilking of one or more milch animals.
• In India, the term ‘milk’ refers to cow or buffalo• In India, the term ‘milk’ refers to cow or buffalomilk, or a combination of the two.
• India is the largest producer of milk and as perNational Dairy Development Board (NDDB)’sestimation, the country produced 102 millionMT of milk in 2007-08 with annual worth ofRs. 1,232 billions.
SPECIAL TYPES OF MILK
• Under the category of special milk are included thoseprocessed milk products which physically resembleand behave like liquid milk.
• These processed milk products are:-• These processed milk products are:-
� Standardized milk
� Homogenized milk
� Sterilized milk
� Flavored milk
� Toned milk &
� Double toned milk.
STANDARADIZED MILK
• Standardized Milk is milk in which the original fat andalso the ratio of fat to the milk solids content has beenchanged either by:-
1. the removal of milk fat, or
2. the addition of skim milk, or2. the addition of skim milk, or
3. the addition of cream.
• According to PFA rules (1976), standardized milkshould contain:-
1. Minimum fat %- 4.5%
2. Minimum SNF %- 8.5%
CALCULATION REGARDING
STANDARDIZATION OF MILK
• The Pearson’s square is used to calculate the relativequantities of materials required for standardization.
• The Pearson’s square method can be understood byfollowing example:-
� Given that the fat percentage of cream is 28% and milk� Given that the fat percentage of cream is 28% and milkis 3%. How many kg of cream and milk will berequired to make 500 kg of milk testing 4% fat?
sol. 28.0 1.0
3.0 24.0
25.0
4.0
=>1.0:25.0 = C:500,
where C is cream required in kgs
or 1/25 = C/500
or C= 500/25
⇒ C= 20 kgs⇒ C= 20 kgs
⇒ milk required= 500-20
= 480 kgs
HOMOGENIZED MILK
• Homogenized Milk is milk which has been treated insuch a manner as to insure breakup of the fat globulesto such an extent that after 48 hours quiescent storageno visible cream separation occurs on the milk.no visible cream separation occurs on the milk.
• Homogenization refers to the process of forcing themilk through a homogenizer with the object of sub-dividing the fat globules.
• In efficiently homogenized milk, the fat globules aresubdivided to 2 microns or less in diameter.
FLOWSHEET FOR HOMOGENIZED MILK FLOWSHEET FOR HOMOGENIZED MILK FLOWSHEET FOR HOMOGENIZED MILK FLOWSHEET FOR HOMOGENIZED MILK
MANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURINGMANUFACTURING
Receiving milk
Cooling to 5°C and bulk storage
Pre-heating(35-40°C)
Filtration/Clarification
Cooling to 5°C
Standardizing and storage(5°C)
Pre-heating(60°C)
Homogenization
Single stage homogenization Two stage homogenization
(2500psi at 60°C for milk with fat (2000 psi at first stage & 500psi at
upto 6%) the second stage for milk with more
than 6% fat)
Pasteurization(holder or HTST)
Cooling(5°C)
Bottling
Storage(5°C)
STERILIZED MILK
• Sterilized Milk may be defined as milk whichhas been heated to a temperature of 100°C orabove for such lengths of time that it remainsfit for the human consumption.fit for the human consumption.
• The above definition does not always meanthat treated milk must be completely free ofbacterial spores.
FLOW SHEET FOR STERILIZED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOW SHEET FOR STERILIZED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOW SHEET FOR STERILIZED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOW SHEET FOR STERILIZED MILK MANUFACTURING
A.A.A.A. ININININ----BOTTLE STERILIZATIONBOTTLE STERILIZATIONBOTTLE STERILIZATIONBOTTLE STERILIZATION:-
Receiving milk
Cooling to 5°C & bulk storage
Pre-heating(35-40°C)Pre-heating(35-40°C)
Filtration/Clarification
Cooling to 5°C
Standardizing & Storage(5°C)
Pre-heating(60°C)
Homogenization (2500 psi) (60°C)
Clarification (60°C)
Filling & capping
(in cleaned & sterilized bottles)
Sterilization(110°-120°C/25-30 minutes)Sterilization(110°-120°C/25-30 minutes)
Cooling ( at room temperature)
Storage (at room temperature)
B. ULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE STERILIZATIONULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE STERILIZATIONULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE STERILIZATIONULTRA HIGH TEMPERATURE STERILIZATION:-
Receiving milk
Cooling to 5°C & bulk storage
Pre-heating(35-40°C)
Filtration/Clarification
Cooling to 5°C
Standardizing & Storage(5°C)
Pre-heating(60°C)
Homogenization (2500 psi) (60°C)
Clarification (60°C)
Sterilization (130°-150°C/1-20 seconds)
Rapid cooling
Aseptic packaging
Storage (at room temperature)
TYPES OF STERILIZERS
A. For in-bottle sterilization:-
� The sterilizers used for in-bottlesterilization are:-
� Batch sterilizers� Batch sterilizers
� Continuous sterilizers
B. For UHT sterilization:-
�Two types of sterilizes are used for ultra high temperature sterilization of milk. These are:-
� Sterilizers operating with direct steam heating.
� Sterilizers operating with indirect steam � Sterilizers operating with indirect steam heating.
FLAVOURED MILK
• Flavoured Milk is a milk to which some flavours have been added.
• When the term ‘milk’ is used, the product shouldcontain a milk fat %age at least equal to thecontain a milk fat %age at least equal to theminimum legal requirements for market milk.
• When the fat %age is lower i.e. 1-2%, the term‘drink’ is used
TYPES OF FLAVOURED MILK
• Chocolate milks/drinks:- The ingredients used
for chocolate milk/drink are:
�Cocoa powder- 1.0-1.5%�Cocoa powder- 1.0-1.5%
� Sugar- 5.0-7.0 %
� Sodium alginate(stabilizer)- 0.2%
• Fruit flavoured milks/drinks:-
� Permitted fruit flavours/essences, togetherwith permitted matching colours and sugarsare used.
�The common flavours used are strawberry,�The common flavours used are strawberry,mango, vanilla, banana etc.
FLOWSHEET FOR FLAVORED MILK/DRINKS
Receiving milk
Standardizing
Pre-heating(60°C)
Homogenization 2500psi Pre-heating(35-40°C)
Filtration
Mixing cocoa, sugar & stabilizer
OR
Mixing flavour/essence, colour & sugar
Pasteurization (71°C for 30 minutes)
Cooling (5°C)
Bottling & storage(5°C)
TONED MILK
• Toned Milk refers to milk obtained by the addition ofwater and skim milk powder to whole milk.
• In practice, whole buffalo milk is admixed withreconstituted spray dried skim milk powder for theproduction of toned milk.production of toned milk.
• Under PFA rules(1976), toned milk should contain aminimum of
� 3.0% fat &
� 8.5% solids-not-fat throughout India
FLOWSHEET FOR TONED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOWSHEET FOR TONED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOWSHEET FOR TONED MILK MANUFACTURINGFLOWSHEET FOR TONED MILK MANUFACTURING
Receiving of water in pasteurizing vat
Pre-heating(38-43°C)
Addition of skim milk powder
Mixing
Addition of whole buffalo milkAddition of whole buffalo milk
Mixing
Filtration
Pasteurization(63°C/30 minutes)
Cooling(5°C)
Packaging & Storage(5°C)
DOUBLE TONED MILK
• Double Toned Milk is milk which is alsoobtained by the addition of water and skimmilk powder to whole milk.
• Under the PFA rules(1976), Double Toned• Under the PFA rules(1976), Double TonedMilk should contain a minimum of
� 1.5% fat
� 9.0% solid-not-fat throughout India.
� De, S.: Outlines Of Dairy Technology, Oxford UniversityPress, 13th edition, pp- 90-116.
� Eckles, C.H., Combs, W.B., & Macy, H.: Milk And Milk
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� Johnson, W. & ,Fundamentals Of Dairy Chemistry, CBSPublishers, 2nd edition, pp- 224-228.
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