Fruition Academy ofSocial Imagination and Action

October 19, 2012

Social Reciprocity

Welcome

Agenda Define and explore reciprocity Introduce Ideal Reciprocity Practical application in organizations

Goals

Understand how and why we engage in reciprocal relationships and the purpose this serves for us individually and collectively

Identify factors that influence reciprocity Discuss the outcomes of reciprocity Discover how reciprocity influences

fundraising, community organizing, leadership, and advocacy

What are your goals?

Defining Reciprocity

“the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit” Oxford English Dictionary

“behaviour in which two people or groups of people give each other help and advantages” Cambridge Dictionary

“means of social exchange that uses economic and/or symbolic currency to maintain social equilibrium” (Dreistadt, 2012, p. 2)

“where altruistic and egotistical needs combine” (Kets de Vries, 2011, p. 268)

Defining Reciprocity

What: resources, feelings When: spontaneous or intentional Who: individuals, groups, organizations,

communities, countries Why:

Equilibrium (Leifer, 1988) Social capital (Glanville & Bienenstock, 2009) Meet needs: individual, interpersonal, communal Social change (Dreistadt, 2012; Shuman, 2000)

“Every action has an equal and opposite reaction”

Newton’s Third Law of Physics

Karmic Yoga

(Madhu & Krishnan, 2005)

Comparison

Newtonian Physics Karmic Yoga

Scientific Spiritual

Control Freedom

Transactional Transformational

Function Purpose

There is order to the universe We can influence outcomes through our

actions

Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Political Science and Economics

Opportunities and choices influence decisions (Binmore, 2004)

Game theory (Befu, 1977; Dubreuil, 2008; Keysar, Converse, Wang, & Epley, 2008; Leon, 2012)

Psychology and Neurology

Decision making (Emerson, 1976; Engelsen, 2008)

Emotions (Engelsen, 2008) Empathy (Piliavan & Charng,

1990) Mirror neurons (Adenzato &

Garbarini, 2006; Casile, Caggiano, & Ferrari, 2011; Decety, 2010; Gallesse, 2006; Hollan, 2012; LaFasto & Larson, 2012; Shmuelof & Zohary, 2007; Vivona, 2009)

Mind-Emotion-World connections (Adenzato & Garbarini, 2006; Neiworth, 2009)

Philosophy and Sociology/Anthropology

Social norms (Engelsen, 2008; Ghezzi & Mingione, 2007)

Duty (Engelsen, 2008; Quong, 2007) Culture (Befu, 1977; Hollan, 2012) Political and economic structure (Hollan,

2012) Social status (Hollan, 2012) Neighborhood (Phan, Blumer, & Demaiter,

2009; Segall, 2005)

Giving

Why do we give? Self-image Positive emotions Anticipated return

(Bekkers, & Wiepking, 2011; DiDomenico, Tracey, & Hough, 2009)

Receiving

“One has to help people to be more generous. By receiving from others, by letting them help you, you really aid them to become bigger, more generous, more magnanimous. You do them a service.”

Henry Miller in The Diary of Anais Nin, vol. 3

Sharing

Social Reciprocity

A + B = A + B + CZero Sum Positive Sum

Cynicism or Realism IdealismCommensal symbiosis Mutual symbiosisPaternalism or dependency Generative creativityIndividual or competitive ProsocialSocial maintenance Social changeSelf-preservation or advancement Personal and communal

advancementHierarchical, dyadic, exchange, expectations

Egalitarian relationships, creative generation, becoming

Social Reciprocity

Communal social reciprocity Self-understanding: collective or cosmos Goal: Transcendence Social norms and intentions externally defined

Existential social reciprocity Self-understanding: Intersubjective Goal: Becoming Social norms and intentions co-created

(Bianchin, 2003)

Doing Reciprocity: Fundraising

(Andreoni, 1990; Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011; Michalski, 2003; Moody, 2006; Piliavan & Charng, 1990; Segall, 2005; Sobel, 2005; Van Slyke & Brooks, 2005)

Doing Reciprocity: Organizing

(Michalski, 2003; Quong, 2007)

Doing Reciprocity: Leadership

(Glanville & Bienenstock, 2009)

Doing Reciprocity: Advocacy

(Andreoni, Harbaugh, & Vesterlund, 2003; Parks & Rumble, 2001)

Robert’s Story

Gail’s Story

A Model of Social Reciprocity

1. Piliavan & Charng, 1990; 2. Engelsen, 2008; 3. Sobel, 2005; 4. Glanville & Bienenstock, 2009; 5. Binmore, 2004; 6. Michalski, 2003; 7. Engelsen, 2008; 8. Bichierei, Xiao, & Muldoon, 2011; Eckstein, 2001; 9. Glanville & Bienenstock, 2009; 10. Engelen, 2008; 11. Leifer, 1988; 12. Dreistadt, 2012; Shuman, 2000)

Social Capital and Sharing

Summary

Reciprocity serves individual, relational, and social functions

Reciprocity can be understood through the lens of political science, economics, neurology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and philosophy

Understanding reciprocity can help us be more effective fundraisers, leaders, organizers, and advocates

Reciprocity can have a generative impact

Next Steps…