Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Complete Data About Conformity
Citation preview
Social Psychology
Slides By Rana Usman Sattar
Student Of BBA(Hons)
PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
Gmail: [email protected]
Facebook: [email protected]
Social Psychology
Conformity and Obedience
Attribution
Attraction
What is social psychology?
• Social psychology: The interaction between the individual and his/her social world.
• “The purpose of psychology is to give us a completely different idea of the things we know best.”
Why study it?
• To understand history– World War two
• To be less naive.– Conformity– Obedience– How products are sold
• To understand love.
Questions to answer
• How does the social situation affect our behavior?
• What influences the judgment of others?
• What are the roots of violence and terrorism?
Yielding to Others
• Conformity: A change of beliefs in order to follow a groups norms
1. Informational social influence: Conform because other’s view and behaviors seem to be correct.
a) Ambiguous b) Crisisc) Others are experts
*Social comparison theory (Festinger): All people are driven to evaluate their abilities and opinions.
Conformity
• Normative social influence: When we conform due to wanting to be liked or thought of positively.
1) Solomon Ash experiment (1951) »
Asch experiment
• Used 7-9 people, only one a real subject
• Had people judging line lengths
• At first confederates told the truth
• Then they all began giving the same wrong answer (12/18 times)
• 123 subjects agreed with 36.8% of the erroneous selections.
Conformity
Conformity by Group Size
Proportion conforming
Conformity increases when:
• People are unsure of a situation
• People are of low group status
• People lack information
• The behavior is public
Conformity and Compliance
• Reduced conformity: Writing answers (98% correct) and social support.
• Compliance: Change in behavior prompted by direct request. Six principles (Cialdini, 1994).– Friendship/liking– Commitment/consistency– Scarcity– Reciprocity– Social validation– Authority
Compliance (and selling products)
• Foot-in-the-door technique: Insignificant request is followed by a larger request.– Lottery example– Car dealership example
• Lowball technique: Get someone to make an agreement then increase the cost.– Selling houses, cars
• Door-in-the-face technique: Make a larger request (denied) then a smaller one. – Reciprocity principle
• Girl scout leader example• Political sign example
Obedience
Milgram’s experiment (1963) Design:• 40 Naive subjects agree to participate in a
“learning experiment” at Yale.• An impassive, stern “experimenter”• “Victim:” mild mannered 47 year old man.• Subject was instructed to shock the learner each
time he gives a wrong response to a paired-associate learning task.
• Four experimental “prods”
Obedience
• Instrument panel has 30 switches, ranging from 15-450 volts.– Labeled slight to extreme shock.
• 15 volt increment from one switch to next.• After a preliminary run w/the word list,
subject instructed to start with 15 volts and go up a level w/each missed word.
• Predetermined set of responses
Obedience
• Nothing is heard from the “learner” until the 300 shock level is reached.
• At 300 volts, learner pounds on the wall.– No answers from this point.
• Subject ordered to treat no response as wrong answer.
• Learner’s pounding is repeated at 315 volts, nothing further.
Milgram
Findings:• 14 Yale seniors predicted that only 0-3%
would go to the most potent shock (450 volts). Colleagues of Milgram agreed.
• Subjects showed signs of extreme tension
– Sweat, tremble, nervous laughter
• No one stopped prior to 300 volts • 5/40 refused to go beyond 300
Milgram, findings con’t
• 4/40 administered 1 shock beyond 300• 2/40 broke off at 330 volts• 1 subject each broke off at 345, 360, and 375• 26/40 (65%) obeyed orders until reaching the
most potent shock
Why did this happen? Ideas?
Milgram
• Similar results were found with women, people from Jordan, Germany, and Australia
• Why?– Foot-in-door– Situational demands– Vague expectations and limits– Experiment was for a “worthy purpose.”– Perception that “victim” and subject both entered
experiment willingly.– Can’t win: Either please experimenter or victim
– Film clip
• What reduces conformity? »
What reduces conformity?
• Closer proximity to learner
• Type of experimenter– College student: only 20%
• Proximity to experimenter– Phone in commands: only 21%
Attribution: Making sense of events
• Attribution: Explanation for the cause of an event or a behavior. Two types:– Internal: Explanation focuses on person’s beliefs,
goals, preferences, or other characteristics.– External: Explanation focuses on the situation.
• Mental illness• Poor grades• Homeless
• Attributional biases: Are cognitive “shortcuts”
Attributional biases
• Fundamental attribution error: Strong tendency to attribute other people’s behavior as due to internal causes.– E.g. bad driver, homeless people
• Self-serving bias: Attribute own failures to external causes and success to internal causes, and the opposite for others.
• The belief in a just world: Assume people get what they deserve….blaming the victim.– Is NOT about not taking responsibility when appropriate!
Next, love
• Do opposites attract?• What are “ideal” characteristics in a
partner?• Can we define love? Are there different
types?• What types of personality characteristics
do most people seek in a romantic partner?
Love - Ending on a good note!
• Why are you attracted?– Repeated contact– Similarity
• Opposites attract not supported by research
– Physical attraction
• People are happiest with partners who are agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable.
• What is love? Sternberg again!
Love - Ending on a good note.
• Is a qualitatively different feeling than liking. – Passionate love: An intense feeling that
involves sexual attraction, a desire for mutual love and physical closeness, arousal, and a fear the relationship will end.
– Compassionate love: Very close friendship, mutual caring, liking, respect, attraction.
So, how do these combine?
