SOC 204 Drugs & SocietyGoldberg Chapter 3Motivations for Drug Use

What do you think the most common reason for drug use is?

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0% A. CuriosityB. BoredomC. EscapeD. SocialE. Rebellion

Motivations

We all do things we know we shouldn’t do. Why?

Characteristics of drugs can reinforce their use Altered states of consciousness

Societal, community, and family factors play an important role in whether an individual tries a drug

Drug factors play an important role in whether an individual continues to use a drug

Reasons for Drug Use

Experimentation: Especially among young people, curiosity is a natural

phenomenon that easily leads to experimentation

Pleasure/Escape from Boredom: An individual who is bored will engage in something

pleasurable to relieve the boredom Drugs used to increase pleasure or reduce boredom

provide positive reinforcement Drugs taken to alleviate discomfort provide negative

reinforcement

Reasons for Drug Use

Peer Influence: Many young people use drugs to gain peer acceptance

or approval Basic values, life goals, and aspirations still are

influenced more by parents

Spiritual Purposes: People have used drugs to communicate with

something or someone greater than themselves Psychoactive plants have roles in many religious and

spiritual practices

Reasons for Drug Use Self-Discovery:

Drugs sometimes are used to fill a void in one’s life

Social Interaction: Drugs are used to facilitate interactions with others Certain social groups determine how a drug is used

Rebelliousness: Young people rebel against the conventions of society, including

warnings about drugs

Risk Factors Community, parental, and

peer attitudes and behaviors

Antisocial/problem behaviors

Poor school performance

Perception that use is prevalent

Protective Factors Involvement in religious activities

Commitment to school, involvement in extracurricular activities

Perceived risk of drug use

Parents as social support

Perceived Risk/Availability

Spiral of Psychological Addiction

Psychological Addiction

Theories of Addiction

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Addiction is a “chronic, life-threatening condition that has roots in genetic susceptibility, social circumstance and personal behavior”

No single theory adequately covers every aspect of drug addiction – elements of various theories provide insight into drug addiction

Personality Theory Delayed behavioral or emotional development may be a factor in

substance abuse

Personality characteristics associated with drug abuse: Low self-esteem Poor interpersonal skills Need for immediate gratification Defiant feelings toward authority Little tolerance for anxiety, frustration, and depression Impulsivity Risk taking Low regard for personal health

Personality traits associated with drug use do not include:

A. ImpulsivityB. Lack of

intelligenceC. Need for

immediate gratification

D. DefianceIm

pulsivit

y

Lack of in

telligence

Need for im

mediate grati...

Defiance

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Reinforcement Theory Reinforcers are stimuli or events that increase the likelihood of a

particular behavior

Primary reinforcers reduce physiological needs or are inherently pleasurable; examples are food, water, and sex

Secondary reinforcers act as signals for the increased probability of obtaining primary reinforcers; example: money

Drugs can be primary or secondary reinforcers

Reinforcers are:A. Things that

reward usB. Things that are

correlated with drug use

C. Things that make a behavior more likely

Things that re

ward us

Things that a

re corre

late...

Things that m

ake a beha...

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Biological Theories

Biological theory is a view of addiction holding that it is based on genetics and metabolic imbalances

Genetic theory: a person is predisposed to drug addiction, including addiction to alcohol, by hereditary influence

Metabolic imbalance: Narcotics help addicts stabilize the metabolic deficiency caused by absence of the drug

Biological theories consider these factors:

A. The biology of the individual

B. GeneticsC. Metabolic

imbalancesD. All of the above

The biology of t

he indivi

...Genetics

Metabolic im

balances

All of th

e above

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Social Theories

Social theory is the hypothesis that drug use is determined by cultural and social influences

Rewards of drug use may be derived from groups and others with whom we associate

Drug abuse may arise from antisocial behavior

Social theory does not explain drug addiction

Social theories:A. Attribute drug use

to cultural and social influences

B. Explain the phenomenon of addiction

C. Discount the importance of family influence

Attribute dru

g use

to cu

...

Explain th

e phenomenon ..

Discount t

he importa

nce ..

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Media Influence The impact of the media on drug use is hard to determine

Many forms of mass media feature drugs: Movies Advertisements Billboards Television Music Celebrities

Small Groups 1. Discuss what factors are most important in one’s decision

to use or not use alcohol, tobacco, and/or illegal drugs.

2. Peers are cited frequently as an important influence on whether one uses drugs. At what age is the influence of peers most significant? Are males or females more affected by peer influence?

3. The depiction of alcohol use and smoking is prominent in movies, music videos, and television shows. Do you feel that alcohol use and smoking rates are affected by how alcohol and smoking are shown in videos? If yes, would you try to ban all alcohol and tobacco use in the media?

SOC 204 Drugs & SocietyGoldberg Chapter 4 Drugs & the Law

Drugs & The Law Attempts have been made to regulate

the use of mind-altering substances since settlers first arrived in the New World

The first substance regulated was alcohol

The temperance movement in the late 1700s advocated that people become more educated about the hazards of alcohol

Click picture for video

Early Regulation Alcohol

1791: Congress passed an excise tax on whiskey

Opium 1833: US treaty regulated international opium trade 1842: Tax on crude opium shipped to the US 1875: San Francisco prohibiting smoking in opium dens 1890: Only US citizens could manufacture or import opium

Proprietary drugs (over-the-counter drugs) Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

Small Group Questions:

Do drug laws affect whether people use drugs?

Should drug laws be aimed at drug users, sellers, or traffickers?

Should the role of government be to inform its citizens about drugs or to prevent its citizens from using drugs?

Should a person be prevented from engaging in self-destructive behavior?

Pure Food & Drug Act 1906 Before 1906, patent medicines were largely

unregulated

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created to assess drug hazards and prohibit sale of dangerous drugs

Law required drug manufacturers to report adverse reactions to their products

Law required that the amount or proportion of drugs in the medicine had to be listed on the label

The Pure Food & Drug Act was created to:A. Stop people from using

opiumB. Establish taxes on drugsC. Force people to get

prescriptions for drugsD. Keep dangerous drugs off

the market

Stop people from usin

g ...

Establish

taxe

s on drugs

Force

people to get p

resc...

Keep dangerous drugs o

ff...

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Harrison Act 1914 The Harrison Act resulted from the need to limit

opiate use

Law governed the marketing and sale of narcotics, regulated nonmedical narcotic use, and made possession of narcotics without a prescription illegal

Doctors and pharmacists had to keep records of the prescriptions they wrote

To obtain drugs, an increasing number of people resorted to criminal activity

The Harrison Act:

A. Established taxes on drugsB. Made opium illegal without

a prescriptionC. Established jail time for

drug offenses

Establish

ed taxe

s on drugs

Made opium illegal w

ith...

Establish

ed jail ti

me for ..

.

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Prohibition 1919-1933 Began with the Temperance

Movement 19th Amendment passed in

1919 Speak-easies Bootlegging Increase in organized crime Repealed in 1933 by the 21st

Amendment

Marijuana Tax Act 1937 Forbade the recreational use of marijuana, but not

medicinal or industrial uses

Anyone using marijuana was required to pay a tax – failure to comply meant a large fine or prison term for tax evasion

AMA and others opposed marijuana legislation

The Federal Bureau of Narcotics, established in 1932, later became the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

The marijuana tax act made all use of marijuana illegal.A. TrueB. False

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Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 1938

Under 1906 guidelines, a drug manufacturer could not be prosecuted for fatalities due to toxic drugs

1938 Act required pharmaceutical companies to file applications with the federal government demonstrating that all new drugs were safe and properly labeled

Manufacturers had to submit a “new drug application” to the FDA, giving the FDA more authority and responsibility

Limitations of the 1938 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

Did not cover drugs that were previously marketed

Drugs had to be proven safe, but not effective

Government had little authority to enact penalties

Manufacturers determined whether a drug would be sold as a prescription or over-the-counter

Manufacturers conducted their own tests to determine a drug’s effectiveness

The Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act

A. Established taxes on new drugs

B. Ensured that drugs were proven effective

C. Ensured that drugs were proven safe

D. Enacted stiff penalties for false advertising

Establish

ed taxe

s on new...

Ensured th

at drugs w

ere...

Ensured th

at drugs w

ere...

Enacted sti

ff penalties f

or...

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I think the legalization of marijuana was a good idea.A. Absolutely.B. No, I disagree, it was a bad

idea.C. I’m not sure or have no

opinion.

Absolutely.

No, I disa

gree, it

was a

b..

I’m not s

ure or have no ...

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Kefauver-Harris Amendments

Serious birth defects caused by thalidomide resulted in implementation of stronger regulations regarding drug testing

Kefauver-Harris Amendments, 1962, gave the FDA the authority to withdraw drugs from the marketplace

Drug advertisements directed to physicians were required to include the drug’s side effects and its contraindicated uses

Testing procedures required prior approval from the FDA

Kefauver-Harris Amendments 1972 Drug Efficacy Study: The FDA asked the National

Research Council to conduct a study of new drugs

Active ingredients were placed in one of three categories: Category I drugs: Determined to be safe, effective, and

properly labeled Category II drugs: Not generally recognized as safe

and effective, or recognized as mislabeled; must be removed from medications within six months

Category III drugs: Data insufficient to determine general recognition of safety and effectiveness

Considering the Kefauver-Harris Amendments, all of the following are true EXCEPT:

A. The FDA had the authority to remove unsafe drugs from the market

B. Taxes on drug advertisements were enacted

C. Advertisements must include side-effects

D. Tests were required prior to a drug’s approval

The FDA had the authorit

...

Taxes o

n drug adve

rtise

...

Advertise

ments must

inc...

Tests w

ere require

d prior ..

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Comprehensive Drug AbusePrevention and Control Act of 1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (Controlled

Substances Act), effectively replaced all previous laws dealing with narcotics and dangerous drugs

Expanded community health centers and Public Health Service hospitals for drug abusers

Established a commission on marijuana and drug abuse

Divided drugs into five categories called schedules

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act replaced all previous legislation regarding dangerous drugs

A. TrueB. False

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Schedule Criteria Examples

I a. High potential for abuseb. No accepted medical usec. Lack of accepted safety

Heroin,marijuana, MDMA

(Ecstasy)

II a. High potential for abuseb. Currently accepted medical usec. Abuse may lead to severe dependence

Morphine,cocaine,

methamphetamine

III a. Potential for abuse less than I and IIb. Currently accepted medical usec. Abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high

psychological dependence

Anabolic steroids, most barbiturates, Dronabinol (THC in

pill form)

IV a. Low potential for abuse relative to IIIb. Currently accepted medical usec. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological

dependence relative to III

Xanax, barbital, chloral hydrate,

fenfluramine

V a. Low potential for abuse relative to IVb. Currently accepted medical usec. Abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological

dependence relative to IV

Mixture with small amounts of codeine or

opium

Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988

Legislation that emphasizes stringent punishment of the drug user, to reduce drug demand

Punishment could be waived if the user completes a drug rehabilitation program

Greatly increased federal prison population and led to a new Cabinet position, Director of National Drug Control Policy

Under this law, drug users are punished more stringently than rapists or robbers

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act

A. Emphasized strict punishment for drug infractions

B. Allowed offenders to complete treatment rather than jail

C. Created lighter sentences for drug offenses

D. A & BE. All of the above

Emphasized st

rict p

unis...

Allowed offenders

to co...

Created lighter s

entences..

.A &

B

All of th

e above

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Small Group Questions:1. Should the sale of drug paraphernalia be

illegal? 2. Should people using small amounts of

illegal drugs for personal enjoyment receive harsh criminal penalties?

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of decriminalizing or legalizing drugs?

4. What impact has drug enforcement had on drug use?

5. Should the vast amount of money spent on stopping drugs be used differently?

Drug Paraphernalia

Drug paraphernalia: Items that are aids to using drugs (cigarette-rolling

papers, water pipes, razors, clay pipes, roach clips, spoons, mirrors, and other products)

Prosecuting individuals for possessing drug

paraphernalia is viewed as a deterrent for drug use

The War on Drugs In 1988, Congress proclaimed that the US would be

drug-free by 1995

The monetary expense and human resources employed to combat illicit drug use are enormous – yet, the number of Americans who have used illegal drugs has increased

The government’s assault on illicit drugs has resulted in social tension, ill health, violent crime, compromised civil liberties, and international conflict

The War on Drugs has been largely successfulA. TrueB. False

TrueFa

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http://ezproxy.wwcc.edu:2048/login?url=http://digital.films.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?aid=7539&xtid=50127

Are you for or against legalization of drugs? (all currently illicit drugs)A. For legalizationB. Against legalizationC. For legalization, but only for

some drugs

For le

galization

Against

legalization

For le

galization, b

ut only.

..

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Arguments Against Legalization

Some argue that decriminalization would increase drug use, addiction, and drug-related deaths

Drug-related crimes might fall, but the number of addicts would rise

Legalization would result in more dysfunctional addicts who would be unable to support their lifestyles and drug use through legitimate means

Arguments For Legalization

Legal regulation of drugs would protect drug takers and save money

Billions of dollars spent on drug enforcement might be put to use more effectively if the money were directed toward education and treatment programs

Drug Enforcement Drug enforcement is designed to

stem the flow of drugs coming into the US and to punish the user

To stop drugs at their source, the State Department works with a number of foreign governments

DEA agents help block drugs from leaving other countries, eradicate crops, and find and dismantle illegal laboratories

Problems with Enforcement Farmers make more money from coca or opium

crops than from legal crops

On a global scale, less than 10% of illegal crops are consistently eradicated

Interdiction is especially difficult because of numerous points of entry

Prevention

Harm reduction Interventions that respond to

needs of drug users and the community to reduce harm caused by illicit drug use

Includes providing sterile syringes to reduce spread of HIV infection, education, and increased treatment

Treats drug abuse as a public health problem, not a criminal problem

Prevention Normalization

Term used by the Dutch for the practice of not prosecuting users of soft drugs such as marijuana

Using some drugs is not illegal, but drug traffic is illegal

Treatment assists physical and social well-being of addicts rather than try to stop their addiction

Result: Netherlands has less drug use than the US and other European countries

Racism and Drug Enforcement

Questionable search warrants in inner-city communities

People of color are stopped and searched more often than others on the basis of “drug courier” profiles

Despite comparable drug usage, Blacks are incarcerated at a higher rate than Whites

Penalties for crack cocaine, used more by poor, are greater than those for powder cocaine, used more by middle class

Mandatory Minimum Sentencing

Starting in 1984, Congress enacted mandatory minimum penalties specifically focusing on drugs and violent crimes

It has been shown that mandatory minimum drug sentences have not acted as deterrents to further crime

Mandatory minimum drug sentences give no latitude to judges to determine appropriate punishments

Treatment is 15 times more effective for reducing serious crime than mandatory minimum sentencing