Chapter 11

Stimulants

Goldberg

SOC 204

DRUGS & SOCIETY

Historically, cocaine was used as an

anesthetic.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Stimulants

Modify (stimulate) a person’s

Activity level

Mood

Central nervous system

Increased heart rate

Increased respiration

Increased blood pressure

Dilated pupils

https://ww

w.youtube.

com/watc

h?v=R3GYI

-Kpf5M

History of Cocaine

Bush that grows in the Andes

Natives chewed the leaves for

endurance

Cocoa wine

Coca-Cola

Patent medicines

Cocaine accounts for more ER visits than

any other illegal drug.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Local anesthesia: Dr. W. S. Halsted

Early psychiatric uses:

Sigmund Freud Used to alleviate fatigue, depression,

opiate addiction

Later opposed this use

History

46 states passed laws to regulate cocaine

between 1887 and 1914

Negative publicity about cocaine influenced

the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act

Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988

Legal Control

The majority of powder cocaine users who enter

treatment are white, and the majority of crack

cocaine users who enter treatment are black.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Processing 500 kilograms of coca leaves

yields 1 kilogram of cocaine

Forms of Cocaine

Coca paste

Cocaine hydrochloride

Freebase

Crack or rock

Cocaine blocks reuptake of dopamine,

serotonin, and norepinephrine

Mechanism of Action

The depressant effects of alcohol reduce the

stimulating effects of cocaine, making serious side

effects less l ikely to occur.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Routes:

Topical, snorting, IV, smoking

Cocaine is metabolized by

enzymes in the blood and liver

Cocaine has a half-life of about

one hour

Major metabolites (detected by

drug screens) have a half-life of

eight hours

Administration/Elimination

Anesthetic properties Acute toxicity

Damage to nasal septum

Paranoid psychosis

Damage to heart muscle

Dependence

Some withdrawal

Use during pregnancy

Benefits/Concerns

Ancient Chinese used ephedra

Chemical version in 1932 – amphetamine

Used in WWII to fight fatigue

1960’s

Tighter control

Amphetamines

After Mexico, the largest producer of

methamphetamine is Canada, because

pseudoephedrine is not regulated there.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Chemical structure is similar to catecholamine

neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

Methamphetamine and amphetamine both

cross blood brain barrier

Increases activity of monoamine

neurotransmitters by stimulating their release

(dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin)

Pharmacology

Peak effects

1.5 hours oral

5-20 min snorting

5-10 min smoking

Half-life is 5-12 hours

Rapid tolerance

Absorption/Elimination

Boys are more than twice as likely as

girls to be identified with ADHD.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Depression

Weight control

Narcolepsy

ADD/ADHD

Concentration

Athletics

Benefits

ADHD is l imited to teenagers and children. Very few

adults have this disorder.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Acute behavioral

toxicity

High doses may destroy

catecholamine neurons

Contaminants

Paranoid psychosis

No withdrawal

Powerful psychological

dependence h t t p s : / / w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = F T G m 4 3 y Y

p T Q

h t t p s : / / w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v = 0 k q 7 z j 8 K d

_ Q

Risks

Methamphetamine

Do you think that using stimulants to

treat ADD or ADHD is a good thing?

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

50%50%

Response

Most commonly prescribed drugs

for ADHD

Ritalin and other stimulants

enhance the functioning of the

reticular activating system, which

helps children focus attention and

filter out extraneous stimuli

Side effects include insomnia,

weight loss, headaches,

irritability, nausea, and dizziness

Ritalin, Adderall

Caffeine Humor

http://www.youtub

e.com/watch?v=Tq

FRP5lXTmE

Videos

Do you think of caffeine as a drug?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Not sure

YesNo

Not sure

0% 0%0%Why or why not?

Sources of caffeine

Coffee

Tea

Soda

Chocolate

Energy drinks

Over-the-counter medications

NoDoz

Vivarin

Anacin

Excedrin

Midol

Diurex

Caffeine

What do you consider an acceptable

level of caffeine intake?

A. None

B. One beverage a

day

C. 2-5 beverages a

day

D. Any level is ok

None

One beve

rage

a day

2-5 b

everage

s a d

ay

Any level i

s ok

0% 0%0%0%

Peak blood levels reached 30 minutes after oral intake

Half-life is about 3 hours

Low-grade tolerance does develop

Pharmacology

200 mg

Increased arousal

Mood-elevating effects

500 mg

Increased heart rate & respiration

Paradoxical effect on blood vessels: dilation

Constriction of blood vessels in the brain = headache relief

Increased basal metabolic rate (10%) in chronic users

Works on the neurotransmitter adenosine (inhibitory)

Blocks receptors

Mechanism of Action

Behavioral

Stimulation

Headache

Hyperactivity

Does not sober one up

Concerns

Panic attacks

1980s thought to have a link

to cancer, since disproven

Reproduction

Heart disease (large amounts)

Caffeinism

Effects

Should there be an age limit on

caffeine consumption?

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

0%0%

Considerations

What age?

Infants

Toddlers

School age

Teenage

What products?

Energy drinks

Soda

Coffee

Tea/iced tea

Hot chocolate

Chocolate

Your brain on coffee

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbuCmO8Bwhs&noredirect=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfntvRGwpvs

Children and Caffeine

http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/caffeine-is-a-drug-for-kids-video/

Videos

How much

caffeine do you

consume?

1981 FDA:

limit of 6 mg of

caffeine per

ounce

No labeling

required

Wrap-up

Item Amount of Item Amount of Caffeine

Jolt soft drink 12 ounces 71.2 mg

Mountain Dew 12 ounces 55.0 mg

Coca-Cola 12 ounces 34.0 mg

Diet Coke 12 ounces 45.0 mg

Pepsi 12 ounces 38.0 mg

7-Up 12 ounces 0 mg

Brewed coffee

(drip method)

5 ounces 115 mg

Espresso 1 shot 64 mg

Tea 5 ounces 40 mg

Iced tea 12 ounces 70 mg

Dark chocolate 1 ounce 20 mg

Milk chocolate 1 ounce 6 mg

Cocoa beverage 5 ounces 4 mg

Chocolate milk beverage 8 ounces 5 mg

Cold relief medication 1 tablet 30 mg

Midol 1 tablet 32 mg

Excedrin 1 tablet 65 mg

Monster Energy Drink 16 ounces 160 mg

Red Bull 8 ounces 60 mg

Under what circumstances should a person

consider reducing caffeine intake?

A. When they are

cranky without it

B. When they have

health

complications

C. When they obsess

about it

D. Can’t think of a

time I’d give it up!W

hen they a

re cr

anky w

...

When th

ey have h

ealth ..

.

When th

ey obse

ss a

bout it

Can’t th

ink o

f a ti

me I’

d g...

0% 0%0%0%

Goldberg

Chapter 12

Marijuana

SOC 204

DRUGS & SOCIETY

The word canvas is

derived from the word

cannabis and many

famous paintings are on

marijuana fibers.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Rembrandt

VanGogh

Cannabis sativa

Cannabis indica

Cannabis ruderalis

Cannabis

The early colonial settlers planted marijuana

because they recognized its medicinal value.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

1. Charas, also known as hashish

2. Ganja, also known as sinsemilla

From Spanish sin semilla, “without seeds”

3. Bhang

Preparations

The use of marijuana by

high school students has

increased in the last five

years while alcohol

consumption has

decreased.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

1900s little use or interest

1926 newspaper articles linked marijuana to

crime

1936 all state had laws regulating use

Early perceptions

Marijuana Tax Act

Declared unconstitutional in 1969

Reefer Madness http://digital .f i lms.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=5863&loid=12178&psid=0&sid=0&State=&tit le=Alter

ed%20States:%20A%20History%20of%20Drug%20Use%20in%20America&IsSearch=Y&parentSeriesID =

History

The federal government

owns a farm in

Mississippi where it grows

marijuana to be used for

research purposes.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Mouse Party ht tp ://dig ita l . f i lms.com/Por ta lViewVideo.aspx?xt id=39495&loid=70444&psid=0&si

d=0&State=&ti t le=Mari juana&IsSearch=Y&parentSer iesID=#

Pharmacology

Review: The neurotransmitter affected

by THC:

A. Dopamine

B. Serotonin

C. Cannabinoids

D. GABA

Dopamin

e

Seroto

nin

Cannabinoid

s

GABA

0% 0%0%0%Response

Most young people who try marijuana for

the first time do so during the winter

months.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Anandamide

THC binds to two

receptors

CB1

Primarily in brain

CB2

Primarily outside

brain in immune

cells

Mechanism of Action

Cardiovascular

Pulmonary

Reddening of

eyes

Dryness of

mouth/throat h t t p : / / d i g i ta l . f i l m s . co m / Por ta l V i

ew V i d eo .asp x? x t id=39495

Physiological Effects

Marijuana arrests account for over half

of all drug abuse arrests.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Abuse potential

Effects:

Euphoria, mellow-ness, hunger

Cognitive Effects

Food Intake

Verbal Behavior

Psychological Effects

The federal government

allows the medical use

of marijuana only to

treat the side effects of

chemotherapy on cancer

patients.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

Declined even before Marijuana Tax Act

Dropped from National Formulary & US Pharmacopia

1941

Uses:

Anticonvulsant

Headaches

Glaucoma

Reduces nausea

Increases appetite https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qQzyfYfq1WY

Medical Uses

EC Review: The neurotransmitter directly

affected by THC is:

A. Anandamide

B. GABA

C. Serotonin

D. Dopamine

Anandamid

e

GABA

Seroto

nin

Dopamin

e

0% 0%0%0%Response

EC Review: Medical uses for marijuana

do not include:

A. To increase

appetite

B. To control

convulsions

C. To fight infection

D. To reduce nausea

To incr

ease a

ppetite

To contro

l convulsi

ons

To fight i

nfect

ion

To reduce

nause

a

0% 0%0%0%

Response

http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana-

medicine

DSM-5 – no listing for cannabis withdrawal

Abstinence syndrome

Tolerance

Abuse Potential

Abuse & Dependence

http://digital.films.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?

xtid=36368&loid=37683&psid=0&sid=0&Stat

e=&title=Cannabis:%20Satanic%20Herb%20or

%20Healing%20Potion?&IsSearch=Y&parentS

eriesID=

EC: Do marijuana users experience

withdrawal?

A. Yes

B. No

C. No, but they do

experience mild

symptoms when

they abstain

YesNo

No, but t

hey do e

xperi.

..

0% 0%0%

Response

EC: Does tolerance develop with

marijuana use?

A. No

B. Yes, rapidly and

immediately

C. Yes, with regular

use

D. Yes, but

unevenly, (not to

all effects)

No

Yes, ra

pidly

and imm

edia...

Yes, with

regu

lar u

se

Yes, but u

nevenly, (

not to...

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Public opinion polls reveal that the

majority of Americans favor legalizing

marijuana.

A. True

B. False

True

False

0%0%

http://www.gallup.com/poll/165539/first-time-

americans-favor-legalizing-marijuana.aspx

Acute

No recorded human overdoses

Chronic

Lungs

Anxiety

Reproductive Effects

Immune System Effects

Toxicity

Amotivational Syndrome

Marijuana Madness h t t p : / / d i g i t a l . f i l m s . c o m / P o r t a l V i e w V i d e o . a s p x ? x t i d = 3 6 3 6 8 & l o i d = 3 7 6 8 3 & p s i d = 0 & s i d = 0 & S t a t e = & t i t l e = C a

n n a b i s : % 2 0 S a t a n i c % 2 0 H e r b % 2 0 o r % 2 0 H e a l i n g % 2 0 P o t i o n ? & I s S e a r c h = Y & p a r e n t S e r i e s I D = #

Driving Ability

Toxicity

EC: The negative effects of marijuana

include:

A. Increased

violence

B. Problems with

memory

C. Problems with

learning

D. Respiratory

problemsIn

crease

d viole

nce

Proble

ms w

ith m

emory

Proble

ms w

ith le

arnin

g

Respira

tory

pro

blem

s

0% 0%0%0%

Response

Opinion: Do you believe amotivational

syndrome occurs in marijuana users?

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

0%0%Response

Decriminalization of marijuana

Legalization for medical use

Legalization for recreational use

Federal scheduling reform

Attitudes of Society

Opinion: I think legalization of

marijuana was a good idea.

A. Yes

B. No

YesNo

0%0%Response