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STANBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
S O C I OL O G Y 1
0 1 0
Introduction to Sociology
Week 7: Chapter 10-11 Review
CHAPTER 10Socialization-• The process by which people acquire cultural
competency and through which society perpetuates the fundamental nature of exiting social structures.
Social self-• Values, beliefs, ideas and decision- making
strategies, and the general way in which people live their lives.
Charles Horton Cooley’s “The looking-glass self”-• Social self arises through interaction with
others, based on our perception of how others see us, we develop our reflected or LOOKING- GLASS SELVES.
CHAPTER 10George Herbert Mead’s “I and me”-• The self actually involves two phases:
• Me- part of the self that is based on how one sees others as seeing oneself• I- the part of you that is uniquely you, personal reaction to the situation
Play and games-• The game stage is when children learn how to
take on the role of other individuals in the game and develop an understanding of the generalized other.
CHAPTER 10Role taking-• States one of the most important factors in
facilitating social cognition in children is the growing ability to understand others' feelings and perspectives, an ability that emerges as a result of general cognitive growth.
Generalized other-• A child begins more and more to be able to take
on the point-of-views of others.
CHAPTER 10Agents of socialization-• The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us
what we need to know to participate effectively in society.• Family, School, Hidden curriculum, Mass media, Peer groups, Workplace-
Rites of passage- • Culturally defined activities associated with the
transition from one place or stage of life to another.Anticipatory socialization-• Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.Total institution-• Erving Goffman's term for a place of "residence and
work where a large number of life-situated individuals, cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life”
CHAPTER 10Resocialization-• The process of discarding former behavior
patterns and accepting new ones as a part of a transition in ones life.
Degradation ceremony-• An aspect of the socialization process within
some total institutions, in which people are subjected to humiliating rituals.
Depersonalization- • A dissociative disorder in which individuals feel
detached and disconnected from themselves their bodies and their surroundings.
CHAPTER 11Relativity of deviance-• What is deviant to some is not deviant to
others. Varies based on location time, etc...Normative behavior-• Norms change over time, even within a
particularculture. What is considered to bedeviant at one time may be considered normative at another time.
CHAPTER 11Nonsociological approaches to deviance- • View deviance as arising, at least in part, from
people's physical or biological makeup.Demonic possession as a theory of deviance- • Deviance was simply a product of sin.
Cesare Lombroso’s theory of atavism-• Believed that deviance is related to physical and biological characteristics and could be predicted using measures.
William Sheldon (ecto-, endo- and mesomorph)-• Individuals have have certain temperaments
and dispositions related to criminality.
CHAPTER 11Emile Durkheim’s collective conscience-• The totality of beliefs and the sentiments
common to the average members of the same society.Structural strain-• Traces the origins of deviance to the tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and means people have available to achieve those goals.
Anomie-• A breakdown in and disappearance of the rules of social behavior.
Ethical egoism-• A breakdown in the collective says the only person to look out for is yourself
CHAPTER 11Robert Merton’s Anomie-• Anomie occurs when the norms of society do not
match its social structure and is built into the structure of modern society. Responses to Anomie: Conformity- Accept both means and goals.Innovation- Reject means, accept goals using unconventional means.Ritualism- Accept means but reject goals.Retreatism- Reject all, giving up on goals; unconventional lifestyle.Rebellion- Reject all.
CHAPTER 11Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin-• When people believe that their legitimate
opportunities are blocked or impaired.Differential opportunities to deviate-• One learns to be deviant through socialization. Deviance is a frequently learned social behavior.
Erving Goffman- • Analyzed social interaction, explained how
people live their lives like actors performing on a stage.Stigma-• Characteristics that discredit people reputation
Discreditable verses discredited identity-• When a stigmas is visible or known.
CHAPTER 11Howard Becker’s labeling theory-• Deviance not a quality of a person, but the result of
someone defining another's activity as bad.Deviance as a learned behavior-• You have to learn the different aspects of deviance and
being deviant.Societal reaction/labeling theory-• An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why
certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
Edwin Lemert-• Only some people are labeled as deviant although many
people’s behavior runs the risk of being considered deviant. two kinds of deviant acts. Primary and secondary. Primary and secondary deviance-• Primary deviance- initial violation of norm or law.
Secondary- the individuals label of deviance that has been associated with their action
CHAPTER 11Functions of deviance- • Crime brings together upright consciences and
concentrates them. Clarifies society’s norms and moral boundaries and encourages social change.1. Group cohesion2. Moral codes are defined3. Scapegoats4. Societal safety valve5. Social change