SMART FABRICS PRESENTED BY:VANDANA KASHYAPROLL NO. 73141110

What is a Smart fabric? Smart materials or textiles can be defined

as the materials and structures which have sense or can sense the environmental conditions or stimuli, whereas intelligent textiles can be defined as textile structures which not only can sense but can also react and respond to environmental conditions or stimuli. These stimuli as well as response, could be thermal, chemical, mechanical, electric, magnetic or from other source.

E-textiles

smart fabrics, are fabrics that enable digital components (including small computers), and electronics to be embedded in them. Smart textiles are fabrics that have been developed with new technologies that provide added value to the wearer. Pailes-Friedman of the Pratt Institute states that "what makes smart fabrics revolutionary is that they have the ability to do many things that traditional fabrics cannot, including communicate, transform, conduct energy and even grow"

E-TEXTILES

Smart textiles can be broken into two different categories: aesthetic and performance enhancing. Aesthetic examples include everything from fabrics that light up to fabrics that can change color. Some of these fabrics gather energy from the environment by harnessing vibrations, sound or heat, reacting to this input. Then there are performance enhancing smart textiles, which will have a huge impact on the athletic, extreme sports and military industries. There are fabrics that help regulate body temperature, reduce wind resistance and control muscle vibration – all of which help improve athletic performance.

Paradiso , et .al in their research stated that Smart fabrics and interactive textiles (SFIT) are fibrous structures that are capable of sensing, actuating, generating/storing power and/or communicating. Research and development towards wearable textile-based personal systems allowing e.g. health monitoring, protection & safety, and healthy lifestyle gained strong interest during the last 10 years. Under the Information and Communication Programme of the European Commission, a cluster of R&D projects dealing with smart fabrics and interactive textile wearable systems regroup activities along two different and complementary approaches i.e. “application pull” and “technology push”. This includes projects aiming at personal health management through integration, validation, and use of smart clothing and other networked mobile devices as well as projects targeting the full integration of sensors/actuators, energy sources, processing and communication within the clothes to enable personal applications such as protection/safety, emergency and healthcare. The integration part of the technologies into a real SFIT product is at present stage on the threshold of prototyping and testing. Several issues, technical as well user-centred, societal and business, remain to be solved. The paper presents on going major R&D activities, identifies gaps and discuss key challenges for the future.

Post.R.E stated that Wearable computers can now merge seamlessly into ordinary clothing. Using various conductive textiles data and power distribution as well as sensing circuitry can be incorporated directly into wash-and-wear clothing. This paper describes some of the techniques used to build circuits from commercially available fabrics, yarns, fasteners, and components.

While wearable computers are empowering fashionaccessories, clothes are still the heart of fashion, andas humans we prefer to wear woven cloth against ourbodies. The textile and material properties of whatpeople wear are important to them, and people arereluctant to have wires and hard plastic cases againsttheir bodies. Eventually, whole computers might bemade from materials people are comfortable wearing.To this end, we have built electronic circuits entirelyout of textiles to distribute data and power, and performtouch sensing. These circuits use passive componentssewn from conductive yarns as well as conventionalcomponents, to create interactive electronicdevices, such as musical keyboards and graphic inputsurfaces.

Advances in smart sensors, miniaturization, and related technologies leading to the emergence of smart fabrics are prerequisites to the construction of a point-of-care (POC) system for continuous health monitoring and illness prevention. Low manufacturing cost, light weight, portability and flexibility are among the requirements for smart sensors when embedded into smart fabrics. Organic semiconductor technology has recently been envisioned to meet these requirements, and to encourage the development of organic semiconductor based sensors because of its low process temperature and potential for very low cost manufacturing.

Why smart textiles?

A combination of materials and processes

Materials Processes

Conductive Spinning

Optical Weaving

Chromic Knitting

Shape memory Embroidery

Piezo Laminating

Phase change Others

Smart use of passive materials

Conductive materials

carbon, metal, polymers

conductive, semi conductive, dielectric properties

Kevlar coated with

Polypyrrol copper gold

Deposition of polypyrrole

Smart Textiles meet Organic Electronics

Electro less deposition of copper

Smart Textiles meet Organic Electronics

Deposition of gold: exchange with copper

Adding conductive nanoparticles

Conductivity Conductivity that changes

with fibre expansion: Deformation

Swelling

Smart yarns: elastic, conductive

Actuators

Mechanical shape memory materials, pH-and thermo-responsive polymers, electro-active polymers

Chemical micro/nanocapsules, cyclodextrines, gel based systems

Thermal phase change materials, electro conductive fibres

Optical electro chromic materials, (in)organic LED (OLED)

Acoustic piezoelectric materialsElectrical electrostimulation

A light-emitting

diode containing

thin flexible sheets of an

organic electrolumin

escent material, used for visual

displays.

OLED-

TYPES OF SENSORS:1. BLOOD PRESSURE MEASURING SENSORS: Pressure sensors include all sensors, transducers, and elements that produce an electrical signal proportional to pressure or changes in pressures. Pressure sensors are devices that read changes in pressure and relay this data to recorders or switches.

2. BODY TEMPERATURE MEASURING SENSORS Thermistors are thermally sensitive devices whose electrical resistant varies with temperature. Unlike thermocouples, Thermistors do not have standards associated with their resistance verses temperature. Thermistors are more accurate than some other types of temperature sensors.

Thermistor: An electrical resistor whose resistance is greatly reduced by heating, used for measurement

and control.

TYPES OF SENSORS: 3. PULSE RATE MEASURING SENSORS

The easiest way to measure heart rate is using the heart rate sensors. Heart rate sensor monitors the light level transmitted through vascular tissues of the fingertip and the corresponding variations in light intensities that occurs as the blood volume change in the tissue. The ease of use makes it possible to measure everyone’s heart rate, even in larger classes. The heart rate sensors measuring heart rate between 0 and 200 bpm (beats per minutes).

NETWORKING AND COMMUNICATION In this where data acquisition from many sensors is involved. Issues such as addressing of the individual sensors, the layout of the data paths within the fabric. The placement of the processing units and the routine strategies all play a significant role in the design of the fabric. In terms of its power consumption.

Gore-tex

Gore-tex is a waterproof/breathable fabric that is manufactured from PTFE into a laminated membrane

Properties: breathable, lightweight, waterproof. When worn gore-tex releases watervapour(sweat) from the body but stops raindrops entering

It is used in a range of high performance products such as medical implants, filter media, insulation for wires and cables, gaskets, and sealants. However, Gore-Tex is used mostly in outdoor and all weather clothing.

PTFE

Polytetrafluoroethylene

Micro-encapsulated fibre/fabrics

Microencapsuted textiles describes fabric which has microcapsules embedding in the fibres. These capsules contain either solids or liquids which can be controlled to bleed due to a environmental change e.g friction, pressure or gradually by diffusion or during the process of biodegradation.

Some common uses of Micro-encapsulatied fabrics are antibacterial socks, anti-body odour underwear and largely in medical textiles.

Microencapsulation is a process

by which solids, liquids or

even

gases may

be enclosed in

microscopic

particles by formation of thin

coatings of

wall

material

around

the substances.

APPLICATIONS OF SMART AND INTERACTIVE TEXTILES IN VARIOUS FIELDS

1. HEALTH CARE The development of wearable monitoring systems is already having an effect on healthcare in the form of “Telemedicine”. “The integration of high-technology into textiles, e.g. modern communication or monitoring systems or the development of new materials with new functions, has just started with timidity, but the branch already propagates an enormous boom for this sector Personalized Health care The concept of personalized healthcare empowers the individual with the management and assessment of their own healthcare needs. Wearable devices allow physiological signals to be continuously monitored during normal daily activities.

Telemedicine: The remote diagnosis and treatment of patients by means of telecommunications technology.

Cont……

Wireless-enabled garment with embedded textile sensors for simultaneous acquisition and continuous Monitoring of ECG, respiration, EMG, and physical activity. The “smart cloth” embeds a strain fabric sensor based on piezo resistive yarns and fabric electrodes realized with metal based yarns.

Sensitized vest including fully woven textile sensors for ECG and respiratory frequency detection and a Portable electronic board for motion assessment, signal pre-processing, and Bluetooth connection for data Transmission.

Wearable sensitized garment that measures human heart rhythm and respiration using a three lead ECG shirt. The conductive fiber grid and sensors are fully integrated (knitted) in the garment (Smart Shirt).

shirt for measuring rehabilitation

Cont….

LIFE BELT:Life belt is a trans-abdominal wearable device for long-term health monitoring that facilitates the parental monitoring procedures for both the mother and the fetus. Hospitals and obstetric clinics, on the other hand, might avoid the frequent visit of additional patients. so the remote health monitoring provided by this.

LIFE JACKET:Life jacket is a medical device worn by the patient that consequently reads their blood pressure or monitors the heart rate; the information is transferred to a computer and read by medical staff. A specialized camera in the form of headwear has been developed to be worn by paramedics. Visual information captured by the camera can be transferred directly to medical staff at the hospital enabling them to advise instantly on appropriate treatment.

2. MILITARY/DEFENSE In extreme environmental conditions and

hazardous situations there is a need for real time information technology to increase the protection and survivability of the people working in those conditions. Improvements in performance and additional capabilities would be of immense assistance within professions such as the defense forces and emergency response services. The requirements for such situations are to monitor vital signs and ease injuries while also monitoring environment hazards such as toxic gases. Wireless communication to a central unit allows medics to conduct remote triage of casualties to help them respond more rapidly and safely.

Cont…….

3. FASHION AND ENTERTAINMENT Club wear that reacts to movement, heat and light. They include garments with panels that illuminate when the dancer moves, or clothing that contain fibre optics woven and integrated into the fabric.

4. SPORTSWEARSports enthusiasts are able to benefit from integrated fabric sensors and display panels. They monitor heart rate and blood pressure during a gym workout or morning run and are able to analyze the information giving feedback on performance along with playing mood/ performance enhancing music.

Cont……

5. PURPOSE CLOTHING Global Positioning Systems (GPS) incorporated into walking shoes which allow the user to be tracked by mountain rescues services. In Ski jackets to help locate the wearer in the event of an avalanche.

They can also used to monitor the where about of young children. Gloves that contain heaters, or built in LED’s emitting light so that a cyclist can be seen in the dark.

6. TRANSPORT AND AUTOMOTIVE USE Modern contemporary cars contain control panels that activate heated seats, air-bags.

Transport and automotive industries is one of the largest that benefits from interactive electronic and technical textiles. They have uses in space shuttles, aircraft and racing cars.

Overview: To take the next step towards electronic clothing (made of electronic

textiles) research has to be carried out in the following areas:

Clothing technology for manufacturing testing under wearing conditions and washing/cleaning treatments investigation of reliability We have seen that electronics can not only be attached to textiles but also realized in form of textile structures. Today, some performances cannot be compared with conventional computer technology. There are also some limitations concerning mass production and reliability. In the future it could become quite difficult to clearly separate electronic textiles from the aforementioned method of miniaturization plus attachment, because computers could be miniaturized until they are molecule-sized. In this case ‘attachment’ to fibres or fabrics would also lead to what we define as electronic textiles.

Plastic was a revolution, and nano-technology will probably be the next big change. There are a lot of thoughts about what could be done if we were able to manipulate, rearrange and build from molecules and atoms. Having a machine that changes a bicycle tire into meat, self-cleaning carpets, changing state from rigid to flexible and visa versa.

REFERENCES: Smart Fabrics and Interactive Textile Enabling

Wearable Personal Applications: R&D State of the Art and Future Challenges. Lymberis, R. Paradiso.

Interactive Sample Book (ISB) – An Inspirational Tool for Smart Textiles Authors: Elisabeth Heimdal, Torben A. Lenau, Michel Guglielmi and Hanne-Louise Johannessen Read more: http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/04/applications-of-smart-and-interactive.html#ixzz44JU6ECdI

http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2013/04/applications-of-smart-and-interactive.html#ixzz44JTv1QKt

Smart fabric & interactive textile wearable systems Prof. Danilo De RossiInter departmental Research Centre “E.Piaggio”University of Pisa.

Microsystems and Smart Integrated Systems: A key enabling technology for AAL Dr Andreas Lymberis andreas.lymberis@ec.europa.eu

“Textile review journal january 2011” smart textile by Dr.anita nishkam,Dr.lokesh shukla.

“Man made textile in india journal”August2011 ,development of E- monitoring garment by A.s.joshi,K.sharma D.wagh and D.pareek.

Conductive textiles for smart fabrics by N.v. bhat, D.t.sheshadhari,M.m.nate and A.v.gore.

Technical textiles international octomber 2011,wearables help develop a sixth sense for saftey and protection by Adrian wilson.

Intelligent Textiles, Soft Products Carl André b Department of Product Design NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology.

G. Langereis, L. de Voogd-Claessen, Spaepen, A.; Siplia, A.; Rotsch, C; Linz, T.; ConText: Contactless Sensors For Body Monitoring Incorporated In Textiles, Portable Information Devices, 2007. PORTABLE07. IEEE International Conference on 25-29 May 2007 Page(s):1-5 STELLA [on line]: Available http://www.stella-project.de/ 

Larry K. Bax t er, Capacitive Sensors: Design and

Applications IEEE Press, 1997

Salonen, P.; Rahmat-Samii, Y.; Hurme, H.; Kivikoski, M. Effect of Conductive Material on Wearable Antenna Performance: A Case Study of WLAN Antennas. In Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Monterey, CA, USA

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