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Denis J. Sonwa, Goetz Schroth, Stephan F. Weise, Marc J. J. Janssen, Howard Shapiro, James Gockowski Presentation for the conference on Taking stock of smallholders and community forestryMontpellier FranceMarch 24-26, 2010
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Smallholder chocolate forest management and
forest ecological services in West and Central Africa
Denis J. Sonwa1, Goetz Schroth2, Stephan F. Weise3, Marc J. J. Janssen4, Howard Shapiro2, James Gockowski5
1 (CIFOR), Po Box 2008 (Messa) Yaoundé-Cameroon, E-mail: [email protected] Mars Incorporated, USA
3 Bioversity International, France4 University of Bonn, Germany
5 STCP/IITA, GhanaCIFOR-CIRAD-IRD international conference: Taking stock of smallholder and
community forestry: where do we go from here?
24 - 26 March Montpellier, France
Sustainable Tree Crop Program
THINKING beyond the canopy
Outline
Drivers & objectives of the establishment of cocoa plantations
Management of plantations and biodiversity conservation
Smallholder chocolate forest & climate change mitigation
Trade-off (socio-economic functions & ecological services
Conclusion
THINKING beyond the canopy
Forest Baseline in West AfricaThe Guinean Forests of West Africa once covered nearly 1.3
million sq. km (equal in size to the combined area of Germany, France and the United Kingdom). Only 126,000 sq km (i.e. 10%) remain.
The West African forest was identified as a biodiversity
hotspot twenty years ago (Myers, 1988).
1,900 endemic plant species and more than a quarter of Africa’s mammals, including 20 species of primates reside in the scattered remnants of these forests (Conservation International, 2007).
They constitute(d) an important biomass/carbon stock in the region.
Drivers & objectives of the establishment of cocoa plantations
THINKING beyond the canopy
Cocoa beans production
Satisfaction of the international demand for chocolate Cocoa is one of the main cash providers for national
economies of West and Central Africa
Main cash providers for local populations (important cash crop in rural households in humid forest landscape)
Drivers & objectives of the establishment of cocoa plantations
THINKING beyond the canopy
Management of plantations & biodiversity conservation
Increase of cocoa production more by land extension than intensification
Forest declining over time
Forest & Cocoa in Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana & Cote d’Ivoire *
*FAO statistics
THINKING beyond the canopy
Management of plantations & biodiversity conservation
Forest landscape &Cocoa *
*STCP, Baseline 2001-2002
Cameroon Cote d’Ivoire Ghana Nigeria----------------------- proportion of farms---------------------
Land cover/use prior to cocoa establishmentForest 0.784 0.719 0.298 0.560Fallow 0.209 0.269 0.675 0.437
Savannah 0.007 0.012 0.027 0.003
Type of cocoa production systemFull Sun 0.081 0.279 0.281 0.03Shaded 0.919 0.721 0.719 0.97
Forests are mainly transformed into agroforests (in Cameroon & Nigeria) and orchards (Ghana and Cote d’Ivoire)
THINKING beyond the canopy
3 types of cocoa plantations, Cameroon* Type A Type B Type C P
Age of plantation establishment 37 a 30 ab 24 b 0.02
Cocoa (trees/ha) 918 c 1756 a 1060 b 0.00
Cocoa (Basal area/ha) 6 a 6 a 3 b 0.00
Musa spp. (trees/ha) 53 a 21ab 11 b 0.09
Oil palm (trees/ha) 46 a 18 b 23 b 0.02
High value timber (trees/ha) 27 b 49 a 61 a 0.00
Indigenous fruit trees (trees/ha) 31 b 41 ab 62 a 0.01
Exotic fruit trees (trees/ha) 23 20 25 0.81
Other trees (trees/ha) 121 b 131 b 212 a 0.00
Total tree density/ha 1218c 2036 a 1453 b 0.00
Total basal area/ha 38 33 33 0.50
Different types of cocoa agroforests, similar total basal area, but different structures ( i.e. habitat)
Management of plantations & biodiversity conservation
*Sonwa (2004)
Carbon stock: cocoa agroforest & other land uses, Cameroon
Adapted from Nolte et al. (2001)
Time-averaged total system carbon in land uses
0
100
200
300
Mat
ure
fore
st
Yo
un
gse
con
dar
yfo
rest
Old
fal
low
Co
coa
pla
nta
tio
n
Yo
un
gfa
llo
w
Far
mla
nd
Land use class
Ca
rbo
n (
mg
ha
-1)
YaoundeMbalmayoEbolowa
Smallholder chocolate forest & climate change mitigation
Beside forests, cocoa agroforest store more carbon than other land uses
THINKING beyond the canopy
Zone ------------------Carbon pool--------------------- TotalAssociated plants
Cocoa tree Litter Root Soil
Ebolowa 173 11 b 4 18 38 243Mbalmayo 170 11 b 4 18 35 238Yaoundé 168 17 a 5 19 39 247HFZ 170 13 4 18 37 243 P 0.10 0.00 0.36 0.10 0.48 0.98
Carbon Stock along an Intensification Gradient (Mg ha-1)
Associated plants stored:
*70 % of the total carbon stock of the plantation.
* 13 times the carbon found in cocoa trees
P: Probability; HFZ: Humid forest zone
Means not sharing a common letter in a column are significantly different at 0.05 probability
The soil under trees stored around 15% of the total carbon stock of the cocoa agroforest
Smallholder chocolate forest in climate change mitigation
THINKING beyond the canopy
Any species providing shade to cocoa ( < 1970)
Domestication of NWFP and Timber (= 1990)
Species that can allow biodiversity conservation (= 2000)
Species that can allow climate change mitigation (ex. CDM, REDD, REDD+; now and future…) and adaptation(Now & near future)
Trade-off between socio-economic functions & ecological services
Research/Scientist preferences
THINKING beyond the canopy
Farmer preference •Mainly edible species (ex. In Cameroon farmer plant 4 edible & 3 non edible to diverse the cocoa agroforest*)
Field observation•Less diversity in cocoa orchard of West Africa compare to cocoa agroforest of Central Africa
•Mixture of edible, timber, medicinal & other species
•Species frequent in the field are not necessarily what is needed in the market.
* Sonwa et al. (2004)
Trade-off between socio-economic functions & ecological services
Farmers & Fields realities
THINKING beyond the canopy
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3250
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Year
yiel
d (
kg/h
a)
No Shade,Fertilizer
No Shade,No Fertilizer
Shade,Fertilizer
Shade,No Fertilizer
challenge: How to compensate for losses resulting from low production because of shade?
* Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana(CRIG) annual reports1960-1982
Trade-off between socio-economic functions & ecological services
Shade vs. Cocoa production, Ghana*
THINKING beyond the canopy
Main destinations of products from smallholder chocolate forest, Cameroon
Urban and peri-urban
VillageCocoa agoforest Abroad
CocoaMain proportion of cocoa beans
Small national transformation
Timber Commercialization of the main proportion
Constru-ction purpose
Edible NWFP and exotic plants
Commercialization of average proportion
Very little quantity
Household consumption
Shade plant species
Craft industry and other services
Potential that can help increase the service offer by cocoa AF
Trade-off between socio-economic functions & ecological services
Goods & services resulting from these components have not been fully commercialized
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Worldwide chocolate consumption is driving conversion of forest lands to orchard and agroforest in West and Central Africa
• Main ecological services (biodiversity conservation and carbon storage) offered by smallholders chocolate forests are due mainly to forest trees associated with cocoa
• The presence of shade trees reduce production of cocoa beans (the product with the more formal market) and thus the overall productivity of the land use
Conclusion
THINKING beyond the canopy
• Growing/maintaining trees in perennial farms is an option to diversify income, while contributing to ecological services (ex. biodiversity conservation & carbon storage).
But to make this effective at the smallholder level,
• Ownership of timber trees need to be realized/improved
• Local, national, and global stakeholders need to be engaged to address productivity, income and ecological services.
Conclusion
THINKING beyond the canopy
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