SLUMSSubmitted by

Tanuja Suggala 141109039Lahari Yaddanapudi 141109047

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Definition of slum by UN Habitat

• A slum is an area that combines to various extents the following characteristics-

• Inadequate access to safe water

• Inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure

• Poor structural quality of housing

• Overcrowding

• Insecure residential status

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Britannica Encyclopedia• A densely populated area of substandard housing, usually in a city, characterised by unsanitary conditions and social disorganisation

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In South Africa• Unplanned settlement on land which has not been surveyed or proclaimed as residential, consisting mainly of informal dwellings

World Bank, 2008• Urban areas that are suffering from problems of accessibility, informality, very high residential densities, and inadequate infrastructure and no basic services

Hindson and McCarthy, 1994• Dense settlements comprising communities housed

in self-constructed shelters under conditions of informal or traditional land tenure

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Huchzermeyer and Karam (2006)• Those settlements that were not planned by nor

have formal permission to exist from government.

Cist and Halbert • Slum is an area of poor houses and poor people. It is an area

of transition and decadence, a disorganized area, occupied by human derelicts, a catch of the entire criminal for the defective, the down and out.

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Urban sociologist Bergel • Slum is an area of substandard housing condition within city

Leinward (1970) • Slum areas refer to dilapidated buildings and buildings

that largely exist with broken down men and women who launch an almost hopeless fight to live decently. A slum is thus a place where hope is dead.

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Srinivas (1991)• An area where the urban poor resides and usually

have no access to tenure rights and are forced to ‘squat’ on vacant land either private or public.

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Doshi Harish

• Slum areas are those areas where there is drains and lake of facilities like lavatories, roads, schools and public & health services.

• Where houses are in form of huts and made from waste materials, tin and sheets of asphalts, plastic’s bags, waste tires, old bamboos sticks, tree leafs and mud. The homes from slum has urgent requirement of mending

• As a building they are in bad condition, lake of facilities and very clumsy and full of people

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Census Of India• All areas notified as “Slum” by state/local Government and UT

(Union Territories) administration under particular slum act.

• All areas recognized as “Slum” by state/local Government and UT (Union Territories) administration, which have not formally notified as slum under the slum act.

• A compact area at least 300 population or about 60-70 household of poorly built congested tenements in unhygienic environment usually which inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities

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Characteristics of Slums

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• Slums are characteristics that vary from place to place

• Slums are usually characterized by urban decay, high rates of

poverty, and unemployment

• They are commonly seen as "breeding grounds" for social

problems such as crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, high rates of

mental illness, and suicide

• In many slums, especially in poor countries, many live in very

narrow alleys that do not allow vehicles to pass

• Appearance : A slum looks neglected with disorderly buildings, roads and yards.

• Economic status: slum is a poverty prone area generally poor people reside there.

• Overcrowding: this is a specific characteristic of slum

• Population : heterogeneous occupancy is the order of the day. A slum may have separate area of linguistic, culture, economic, religious and caste groups.

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Probable reasons for upcoming slums

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• Urbanization

• Industrialization

• Higher productivity in these condary/tertiary sector against primary sector

makes cities and towns centres of economic growth and jobs

• Cities act as beacons for the rural population as they represent a higher

standard of living and offer opportunities to people not available in rural

areas . This results in large scale migration from rural to urban areas.

• Negative consequences of urban pull results in up coming of slums

characterized by housing shortage and critical inadequacies in public

utilities, overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, etc.

Causes of slums

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• It is vicious cycle of population growth, people migrate to cities for job

opportunities but are not well educated and get low income.

• Unable to find housing which they can afford, they decide to build their

own shelter close to office. First one shelter then two and then ten

thousand.

• Conniving governments look at slums as vote bank. They provide

electricity and drinking water. They organise unauthorised dwellers into

political purposes hence slums took a bit of a permanent shape.

• The key reason for slums is the slow economic progress

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SLOW ECONOMIC GROWTH

POVERTY

MORE OPPORTUNITIES

IN CITIES

URBAN MIGRATION

INADEQUATE HOUSING IN

CITIES

GOVERNMENT CONNIVANCE

SLUMS

POPULATION

STATE SHARE OF SLUM POPULATION TO TOTAL SLUM POPULATION OF INDIA

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2011 2001

Types of slums (census 2011)

• Notified slums

• All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‘Slum Act’ are considered as Notified slums.

• Recognized slums

• All areas recognised as ‘Slum’ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act are considered as Recognized slums.

• Identified slums

• A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities are considered as Identified slums.

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Programmes and Policies Implemented By Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JNNURM): Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP) & Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme(IHSDP)

• Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

• Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHIP)

• Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)

• Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme (ILCS)

• Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)

• Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)

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URBANIZATION

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• The census of India defines some criteria for urbanization1. Population is more then 5 thousand 2. The density is over 400 people per km. 3. 75% of the male population engages in non-

agriculture occupation. 4. Cities are urban area with population more than one

lakh. 5. Metropolitan are cities with population of more than

one million

SLUMS IN BHOPAL

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Slums in Bhopal• A large percentage of population in any Indian city belongs to the lowest

economic strata i.e. economically weaker section

• Majority of this urban poor Population belongs to people who have migrated from the nearby rural areas in search of work, employment

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YeYearar

City City pop.pop.

Slum Slum pop.pop.

%sl%slumum

SluSlum GR m GR

%%196

12,22,

9489000

1971

3,84,859

19,050

4.9 111.7

1981

6,71,018

41,763

6.2 119.2

1991

10,62,771

2,50,000

23.5

498.6

2001

15,64,351

4,80,000

30.7

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Source: Census of India 1971 to 1991- Town Directory of Madhya Pradesh & 1975 Bhopal Development Plan.

Sources• Bhopal CDP

• Census of India, 2001

• Census of India, 2011

• Britannica Encyclopedia

• Rao VLS Prakasha, 1983, “Urbanization in India – Spatial Dimension”

• Report of UN- HABITAT, 2007, “UN – HABITAT Twenty First Session of Governing Council”, United Nations Human Settlement Programme, Nairobi, Kenya.

• Desai A. R, 1972, “A profile of an Indian slum”

• Slums: perspectives on the definition, the appraisal and the management of an urban phenomenon- Henning Nuissl and Dirk Heinrichs

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