Kimon Steenpoorte

201225865

The Following is a mashup of slides found on Slideshare pertaining to the cold war.

Please see the last slide for a list of references as this is not my own original work.

THE COLD THE COLD WARWAR

WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR?WHAT WAS THE COLD WAR? The Cold War (1945–1991) The Cold War (1945–1991) 46 46

YEARS!!!YEARS!!!

a state of political conflict, military a state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition tension, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–existing after World War II (1939–1945) 1945)

Tensions arose between the USSR Tensions arose between the USSR and its satellite states, and the and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, powers of the Western world, including the United States. including the United States.

Conflicts included military coalitions, Conflicts included military coalitions, strategic conventional force strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms race, deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological competition, e.g. and technological competition, e.g. the Space Race.the Space Race.

“Somewhere In the USSR.” Photo from Soviet Photo magazine 1970. Via Soviet Photo Daily.

THE AXIS VS THE THE AXIS VS THE ALLIESALLIES During WWII major disagreements formed between allied powers During WWII major disagreements formed between allied powers

including the USSR, the US, the United Kingdom and France including the USSR, the US, the United Kingdom and France • Disagreements arose regarding the configuration of the post-war Disagreements arose regarding the configuration of the post-war

world. world.

At the end of the war, they occupied most of Europe At the end of the war, they occupied most of Europe

The US and USSR became most powerful military forces.The US and USSR became most powerful military forces.

The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist European countries it occupied, annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states, some of Republics and maintaining others as satellite states, some of which were later consolidated as the Warsaw Pact (1955–1991). which were later consolidated as the Warsaw Pact (1955–1991).

The US and some western European countries established The US and some western European countries established containment of communism as a defensive policy, establishing containment of communism as a defensive policy, establishing alliances (e.g. NATO, 1949) to that end.alliances (e.g. NATO, 1949) to that end.

INCREASED OPPOSITION:INCREASED OPPOSITION:The emergence of CommunismThe emergence of Communism

Nations coordinated the rebuilding of western Europe Nations coordinated the rebuilding of western Europe (post WWII), particularly western Germany.(post WWII), particularly western Germany.

USSR shared a strong opposition to Germany. USSR shared a strong opposition to Germany.

In Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR harbored In Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR harbored communist revolutions.communist revolutions.• Were in opposition to several western countries and their Were in opposition to several western countries and their

regional allies. regional allies.

Some countries aligned with NATO and the Warsaw Pact Some countries aligned with NATO and the Warsaw Pact but in turn, non-aligned country blocs also emerged.but in turn, non-aligned country blocs also emerged.

WARSAW PACT AND NATOWARSAW PACT AND NATO Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact the informal name for the the informal name for the

mutual defense mutual defense Treaty of Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistanceand Mutual Assistance commonly known as the commonly known as the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact subscribed by subscribed by eight communist states in eight communist states in Eastern Europe, which was Eastern Europe, which was established at the USSR’s established at the USSR’s initiative and realized on 14 initiative and realized on 14 May 1955, in Warsaw, May 1955, in Warsaw, Poland.Poland.

NATOIn the year 1949, an international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security

INTERNATIONAL TENSIONSINTERNATIONAL TENSIONS“The Arms Race”“The Arms Race”

The Cold War featured international The Cold War featured international high tensionhigh tension• the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949) the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949)

The Korean War (1950–1953) The Korean War (1950–1953) The Berlin Crisis of 1961 The Berlin Crisis of 1961 The Vietnam War (1959–1975), the The Vietnam War (1959–1975), the

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – We will Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) – We will discuss this in our next lecturediscuss this in our next lecture

The Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–The Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO 1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO exercises in November 1983. exercises in November 1983.

Mutual Assured DestructionMutual Assured Destruction

HOW THE COLD WAR HOW THE COLD WAR AFFECTED THE UNITED AFFECTED THE UNITED

STATESSTATESTHE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND THE BAY OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND THE BAY OF PIGSPIGS

The Bay of Pigs Invasion or “La Batalla de Girón, The Bay of Pigs Invasion or “La Batalla de Girón, or Playa Girón in Cuba” or Playa Girón in Cuba”

• unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exilesunsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles• invade southern Cuba with support from US government invade southern Cuba with support from US government

armed forces armed forces • to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.• April 1961April 1961

The Cuban armed forcesThe Cuban armed forces• trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the trained and equipped by Eastern Bloc nations, defeated the

exile combatants in three days. Bad Cuban-American exile combatants in three days. Bad Cuban-American relations were made worse by the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.relations were made worse by the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

OPTIONS:1.) Naval blockade - shipments of missiles2.) The “do nothing” option was not feasible because Congress had already passed a joint resolution backing military action if offensive weapons were found in Cuba, and Republicans were using the possibility of the existence of 3.) Diplomacy and Peace Talks between Khrushchev

and Kennedy.

THE CUBAN MISSILE THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCRISIS The Cuban Missile Crisis was a The Cuban Missile Crisis was a

confrontation between the United confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union and Cuba States, the Soviet Union and Cuba in October 1962,,in October 1962,,

In the Soviet Union, former In the Soviet Union, former Eastern Bloc countries, and other Eastern Bloc countries, and other communist countries such as communist countries such as North Korea and the nation of North Korea and the nation of China.China.

In September 1962, the Cuban In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments placed and Soviet governments placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. nuclear missiles in Cuba.

When United States military When United States military intelligence discovered the intelligence discovered the weapons, the U.S. government weapons, the U.S. government sought to do all it could to ensure sought to do all it could to ensure the removal of the missiles. the removal of the missiles.

The crisis ranks with the Berlin The crisis ranks with the Berlin Blockade as one of the major Blockade as one of the major confrontations of the Cold War.confrontations of the Cold War.

ARMS RACE AND PARANOIA

CUBAN MISSILE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCRISIS

(continued)(continued)

At 9 a.m., on October 28th, a new message from At 9 a.m., on October 28th, a new message from Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow. Khrushchev was broadcast on Radio Moscow.

Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in Khrushchev stated that, "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union.“their crating and return to the Soviet Union.“

Testimony from retired Air Force Major (WWII sailor, Cold War), Testimony from retired Air Force Major (WWII sailor, Cold War), Roberto Roberto

De La Cruz (Sara’s grandfather), referencing the Cuban Missile De La Cruz (Sara’s grandfather), referencing the Cuban Missile Crisis paranoia. Crisis paranoia.

“ “We (the United States Air Force) were given direct orders by We (the United States Air Force) were given direct orders by Kennedy to prepare the launching of our Missiles from the Kennedy to prepare the launching of our Missiles from the Niagara Falls Missile Site. Nora (Sara’s grandmother) and your Niagara Falls Missile Site. Nora (Sara’s grandmother) and your mother (Sara’s mother) were told to go underground and take mother (Sara’s mother) were told to go underground and take the children on base with them when I made the call to launch the children on base with them when I made the call to launch the missiles. We did not know if we would wake up the next the missiles. We did not know if we would wake up the next morning as it may have been the end of the world.”morning as it may have been the end of the world.”

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS AND PRESIDENT KENNEYAND PRESIDENT KENNEY

Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a Kennedy immediately responded, issuing a statement calling the letter "an important and statement calling the letter "an important and constructive contribution to peace…I consider constructive contribution to peace…I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out... The U.S. will make a promptly carried out... The U.S. will make a statement in the framework of the Security statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that the United States of America will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from U.S. an aggression against Cuba, either from U.S. territory or from the territory of other countries territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba."neighboring to Cuba."

THE COLLAPSE OF THE THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNIONSOVIET UNION

1980s – US increased diplomatic, military, and economic 1980s – US increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures against the USSR, which had already suffered pressures against the USSR, which had already suffered severe economic stagnation. severe economic stagnation.

Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the “liberalizing reforms of perestroika”“liberalizing reforms of perestroika”• "reconstruction“ or "reorganization“ - year 1987 "reconstruction“ or "reorganization“ - year 1987 • glasnost or "openness“ - year 1985). glasnost or "openness“ - year 1985). • The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 • The collapse of The Soviet Union left the United States as the The collapse of The Soviet Union left the United States as the

MOST POWERFUL military power.MOST POWERFUL military power.• On the contrary, the collapse of the Soviet Union left Russia On the contrary, the collapse of the Soviet Union left Russia

possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal. possessing most of the Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal. • Russia’s nuclear arsenal poses a great militaristic threat to the Russia’s nuclear arsenal poses a great militaristic threat to the

global community.global community.

The Nuclear Arms Race The Nuclear Arms Race

Nuclear definitions Nuclear definitions ICBM: Intercontinental ballistic missiles.ICBM: Intercontinental ballistic missiles. MRBM: Medium rang ballistic missiles.MRBM: Medium rang ballistic missiles. IRBM: Intermediate ballistic missiles.IRBM: Intermediate ballistic missiles. The main problem was developing a The main problem was developing a

missile that was accurate. They often missile that was accurate. They often did not hit their intended target. did not hit their intended target. Although mainly aimed at the target Although mainly aimed at the target they often landed many miles away. they often landed many miles away. The further the V-2 rocket had to travel, The further the V-2 rocket had to travel, the more inaccurate it became.the more inaccurate it became.

Nuclear weaponsNuclear weaponsThe first country in the world to create a The first country in the world to create a

nuclear weapon was the U.S, it first nuclear weapon was the U.S, it first used its weapon on Japan. The whole used its weapon on Japan. The whole world was shocked by the bombing of world was shocked by the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russia seeing Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Russia seeing this wanted to compete the U.S as this wanted to compete the U.S as Russia was the other superpower. So Russia was the other superpower. So there and then it begun, the battle for there and then it begun, the battle for the development of the best and better the development of the best and better nuclear weapons.nuclear weapons.

Russia develops its own nuclear Russia develops its own nuclear bombbomb

Russia who is already an superpower Russia who is already an superpower also wanted to develop a nuclear also wanted to develop a nuclear bomb because America was winning bomb because America was winning them in the arms race. So then Russia them in the arms race. So then Russia creates one shocking America. creates one shocking America. America now was shocked to see America now was shocked to see Russia having its own nuclear bomb Russia having its own nuclear bomb because they thought it would take because they thought it would take many years for Russia to create an many years for Russia to create an nuclear bomb.nuclear bomb.

The danger that the world facesThe danger that the world faces Both America and Russia massively Both America and Russia massively

built up their stockpiles of nuclear built up their stockpiles of nuclear weapons.weapons.

The world greatly changed when The world greatly changed when USA exploded the H-bomb in 1952. USA exploded the H-bomb in 1952. This one bomb was smaller in size This one bomb was smaller in size than the Hiroshima atomic bomb than the Hiroshima atomic bomb but 2500 times more powerful. but 2500 times more powerful.

The Russians produced an H-bomb The Russians produced an H-bomb in 1953 and the world became a in 1953 and the world became a much more dangerous place.much more dangerous place.

The The H-Bomb H-Bomb This one bomb was smaller in size This one bomb was smaller in size

than the Hiroshima atomic bomb but than the Hiroshima atomic bomb but 2500 times more powerful. 2500 times more powerful.

The Mighty superpower weaponsThe Mighty superpower weapons However, it is possible that the sheer power of However, it is possible that the sheer power of

these weapons and the fear that they evoked, these weapons and the fear that they evoked, may have stopped a nuclear war.may have stopped a nuclear war.

In October 1957, the world was introduced to the In October 1957, the world was introduced to the fear of a missile attack when Sputnikfear of a missile attack when Sputnik was was launched. This was to lead to ICBM’s :  Inter-launched. This was to lead to ICBM’s :  Inter-continental ballistic missiles. As a result, America continental ballistic missiles. As a result, America built the DEWbuilt the DEW line around the Artic -line around the Artic - Defense Defense and and EEarly arly WWarning system. arning system.

How they made itHow they made it During the 1960’s, the Russians put their money into During the 1960’s, the Russians put their money into

producing more missiles regardless of quality while producing more missiles regardless of quality while America built fewer but better quality missiles - the America built fewer but better quality missiles - the Atlas could go 5,000 miles at a speed of 16,000 mph. Atlas could go 5,000 miles at a speed of 16,000 mph. By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the By 1961, there were enough bombs to destroy the world.world.

Despite this, great emphasis was put on new weapon Despite this, great emphasis was put on new weapon systems - mobile missile launchers were built, missiles systems - mobile missile launchers were built, missiles were housed underground in silos and in 1960 the first were housed underground in silos and in 1960 the first Polaris submarine was launched carrying 16 nuclear Polaris submarine was launched carrying 16 nuclear missiles. Each missile carried four warheads which missiles. Each missile carried four warheads which could targeted on different cities; hence one could targeted on different cities; hence one submarine effectively carried 64 nuclear warheads. submarine effectively carried 64 nuclear warheads. 

Theory of hope Theory of hope During the 1960’s the theory of During the 1960’s the theory of MADMAD developed - developed -

Mutually Assured DestructionMutually Assured Destruction. This meant . This meant that if Russia attacked the west, the west would that if Russia attacked the west, the west would make sure that they would suitably retaliate  i.e. make sure that they would suitably retaliate  i.e. there would be no winners.there would be no winners.

The people and the countries lived with fear The people and the countries lived with fear through out this time as they could be attacked through out this time as they could be attacked any moment by any country. Fear was one thing any moment by any country. Fear was one thing that people could not defeat.that people could not defeat.

Facts Facts British Intelligence estimated that just one British Intelligence estimated that just one

medium sized H-bomb on London would medium sized H-bomb on London would essentially destroy anything living up to 30 miles essentially destroy anything living up to 30 miles away. away. 

By 1981, USA had 8,000 ICBM’s and USSR 7,000 By 1981, USA had 8,000 ICBM’s and USSR 7,000 ICBM’s.ICBM’s.

By 1981, USA had 4,000 planes capable of By 1981, USA had 4,000 planes capable of delivering a nuclear bomb. Russia had 5000.delivering a nuclear bomb. Russia had 5000.

By 1986, it is estimated that throughout the world By 1986, it is estimated that throughout the world there were 40,000 nuclear warheads - the there were 40,000 nuclear warheads - the equivalent of one million Hiroshima bombs. equivalent of one million Hiroshima bombs.

Space RaceSpace Race

1957-1975

U.S.U.S.S.R

ORGINSORGINS   It began in the 1950's, soon after the beginning of It began in the 1950's, soon after the beginning of

the Cold War. The United States was working on its the Cold War. The United States was working on its first earth-orbiting satellite. At the time we didn't first earth-orbiting satellite. At the time we didn't know it, but the Soviet Union was also. know it, but the Soviet Union was also.

We found out on October 4, 1957, that the Soviet We found out on October 4, 1957, that the Soviet Union launched its first satellite, Sputnik I into space. Union launched its first satellite, Sputnik I into space. An A-1 rocket boosted Sputnik into space from its An A-1 rocket boosted Sputnik into space from its base in the Soviet republic of Kazakhstan. Its first base in the Soviet republic of Kazakhstan. Its first orbit of the Earth took about 95 minutes traveling at orbit of the Earth took about 95 minutes traveling at a speed of 18,000 miles per hour. Sputnik stayed in a speed of 18,000 miles per hour. Sputnik stayed in space for 57 days.space for 57 days.

SPUTNIKSPUTNIK

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a beach ball(58 cm.or 22.8 inches was about the size of a beach ball(58 cm.or 22.8 inches in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, in diameter), weighed only 83.6 kg. or 183.9 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth. Sputnik and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth. Sputnik was what started the U.S. Space Race. was what started the U.S. Space Race.

U.S. feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites U.S. feared that the Soviets' ability to launch satellites might be a chance for them to launch missiles that might be a chance for them to launch missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S.

Then the Soviets on November 3, Sputnik II was Then the Soviets on November 3, Sputnik II was launched, including a dog named Laika.   launched, including a dog named Laika.  

EXPLORER IEXPLORER I

On January 31, 1958, the United On January 31, 1958, the United States successfully launched States successfully launched Explorer.Explorer.

This satellite discovered the This satellite discovered the magnetic radiation belts around the magnetic radiation belts around the Earth.Earth.

Explorer I was named after principal Explorer I was named after principal investigator James Van Allen. investigator James Van Allen.

LUNA 2LUNA 2 Was launched on September 12, 1959. Luna 2 Was launched on September 12, 1959. Luna 2

was the second of a series of spacecraft was the second of a series of spacecraft launched in the direction of the Moon . There launched in the direction of the Moon . There were twenty-four series of Luna but Luna 2 were twenty-four series of Luna but Luna 2 was the most important.was the most important.

Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin Yuri Gagarin was born in Moscow, Russia on March 9, 1934. Yuri Gagarin was born in Moscow, Russia on March 9, 1934. Yuri joined the Soviet Air Force in 1955 Yuri joined the Soviet Air Force in 1955 In 1959, he was training to become a cosmonautIn 1959, he was training to become a cosmonaut On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin was the first human to orbit the On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin was the first human to orbit the

Earth. The name of his spacecraft was Vostok 1Earth. The name of his spacecraft was Vostok 1. . Vostok 1 circled Vostok 1 circled Earth at the speed of 27,400 kilometers per hour.Earth at the speed of 27,400 kilometers per hour.

The flight lasted 108 minutes , and he didn’t land in the spacecraft The flight lasted 108 minutes , and he didn’t land in the spacecraft he ejected on a parachute.he ejected on a parachute.

He died on March 27, 1968 He died on March 27, 1968

Alan Shepard Jr.Alan Shepard Jr. Born November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New HampshireBorn November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire In January, 1961 Shepard was chosen for the first American In January, 1961 Shepard was chosen for the first American

manned mission into Space. manned mission into Space. On May 5,1961, Shepard piloted the Freedom 7 mission and On May 5,1961, Shepard piloted the Freedom 7 mission and

became the second person, and the first American to travel into became the second person, and the first American to travel into space. before the launch, Shepard stated "Please, dear God, don't space. before the launch, Shepard stated "Please, dear God, don't let me mess up.” This is known as the "Shepard's Prayer." let me mess up.” This is known as the "Shepard's Prayer."

Unlike Yuri Gagarin flight, Shepard remained in control of his craft Unlike Yuri Gagarin flight, Shepard remained in control of his craft at all times. at all times.

Alan died on July 21, 1998Alan died on July 21, 1998

John Glenn Jr.John Glenn Jr. He was born July 18, 1921 in Cambridge, Ohio. He then He was born July 18, 1921 in Cambridge, Ohio. He then

married the former Anna Margaret Castor.married the former Anna Margaret Castor. He attended Muskingum College in New Concord and He attended Muskingum College in New Concord and

received a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering.received a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering. Glenn was assigned to the NASA Space Task Group at Glenn was assigned to the NASA Space Task Group at

Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia on April Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia on April 1959 after his selection as a Project Mercury Astronaut.1959 after his selection as a Project Mercury Astronaut.

Glenn flew on Mercury-6 in February 20, 1962 and STS-Glenn flew on Mercury-6 in February 20, 1962 and STS-95 in October 29 to November 7, 1998 and spent over 95 in October 29 to November 7, 1998 and spent over 218 hours in space.218 hours in space.

Valentina TereshkovaValentina Tereshkova Tereshkova was born in Bolshoye Tereshkova was born in Bolshoye

Maslennikovo on March 6, 1937.Maslennikovo on March 6, 1937. Four women were selected to be trained for a Four women were selected to be trained for a

special woman-in-space program. Out of the special woman-in-space program. Out of the four women selected, Valentina Tereshkova four women selected, Valentina Tereshkova was the only one to complete a space mission. was the only one to complete a space mission.

Tereshkova was launched on the VostokTereshkova was launched on the Vostok 6 6 on on June 16, 1963 and became the first woman to June 16, 1963 and became the first woman to fly in space. During the 70.8 hour flight, Vostok fly in space. During the 70.8 hour flight, Vostok 6 made 48 orbits of Earth 6 made 48 orbits of Earth

Apollo 8Apollo 8 Apollo 8 was the Apollo space program’s Apollo 8 was the Apollo space program’s

second successful manned mission. It second successful manned mission. It was also the first manned launch of the was also the first manned launch of the Saturn V rocket. Saturn V rocket.

Its crew became the first humans to Its crew became the first humans to orbit the moon. orbit the moon.

Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968 and landed December 27, 1968.1968 and landed December 27, 1968.

MAN ON THE MOON!!!MAN ON THE MOON!!! Neil Alden Armstrong is the first human to have step Neil Alden Armstrong is the first human to have step

foot on the moon!!!foot on the moon!!! Armstrong was born on August 5,1930 in Wapakoneta, Armstrong was born on August 5,1930 in Wapakoneta,

Ohio. His first space flight occurred in 1966 aboard Ohio. His first space flight occurred in 1966 aboard Gemini 8. Gemini 8. In July of 1969, Neil Armstrong was the In July of 1969, Neil Armstrong was the commander of commander of Apollo 11Apollo 11, America's first attempt to land , America's first attempt to land a manned vehicle on the Moon. a manned vehicle on the Moon.

On July 20, 1969 Commander Armstrong and astronaut On July 20, 1969 Commander Armstrong and astronaut Edwin Aldrin successfully touched down on the Moon Edwin Aldrin successfully touched down on the Moon surface. surface.

PRIMARY SOURCEPRIMARY SOURCE

Picture of Moon taken by Apollo 8

• Dover, B. (2007) ‘The Space Race’ accessed on 05 March 2014.

• Emami, S. (2013) ‘The Cold War’ accessed on 05 March 2014.

• Palani, V. (2012) ‘The Nuclear Arms Race’ accessed on 05 March 2014.