“Expand the Sphere, & All Shall be Well”

1. How did Jefferson’s 1787 Northwest Ordinance and Madison’s Federalist’s Paper #10 on the size of the American landscape relate to an Empire of Liberty ethos?

2. Could competing factions (interests) cancel each other out, as Madison suggests, in a expanding America to prevent dominance of one to another and an tyrannical government?

3. How is the current same sex marriage case before the Supreme Court an example of this?

“We shall form to the American union a barrier against the dangerous extension of the British Province of Canada and add to the Empire of Liberty an extensive and fertile Country thereby converting dangerous Enemies into valuable friends." – Thomas Jefferson to George Rogers Clark, 25 December 1780

Mary Wollstonecraft:“The Gleaner of Women’s

Rights”

1. At a time of the American Revolution, Mary Wollstonecraft defended the liberties and rights of women to have an “equal footing” with men.

2. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) she argues that women ought to have an education equal with their position in society & access to wages to enable them to care for themselves and their children.

3. Wollstonecraft asserts that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands rather than mere wives.

4. Women, according to Wollstonecraft are not “ornaments for men” but deserve the same rights and recognition inherent in Lockean ideals. However, she didn’t infer that women are equal to men in society, but rather should stand firm in reason and refrain from emotional sensibilities that could render them weak and disempowered in society.

5. Her book provides a example of how an early women’s movement for an equal station in society entered and expanded gender roles within the public sphere. (page 291)

Washington’s Presidency 1789-17961. Established precedence: Cabinet,

Leadership, White House Pomp & Circumstance; Moderation; Two Terms; Farewell Address

2. Faced with internal disunion between Federalists and Democrat Republicans

3. Faced international conflict between France & England (Genet Affair ; Impressments ; Jay Treaty w/GB

4. Dealt with sobering Whiskey Rebellion

5. Warned nation to refrain from foreign entanglements & political factions OR

6. Retired to Mount Vernon & Freed his slaves in his Will – “First in War, First in Peace, First in the Hearts of his Countrymen.” ~ Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee

Beginning of Fraction/Faction PoliticsThe John Adams Presidency (1796-1800)

1. No one was anymore prepared to hold office than Adams – Immense Potential Why???

2. Suffered from Big Ego, Too Independent, Distrusting of common man – Federalist

3. XYZ Affair showed his strength & his weaknesses as a leader

4. Fear of Republican Public Sphere caused him to sign the Alien Sedition Acts – A flagrant affront to his former self. Why???

5. His last minute Midnight Judge Appointment before leaving office contradicted his predecessor’s wish to remain apolitical – Why???

The Federalists effectively used the slogan "MILLIONS FOR DEFENSE, BUT NOT ONE CENT FOR TRIBUTE" to strengthen their political position. ~ XYZ AffairRepublican Public Sphere: Benjamin Franklin Bache was editor of the Aurora, a Republican newspaper. Bache had accused George Washington of incompetence and financial irregularities, and "the blind, bald, crippled, toothless, querulous ADAMS" of nepotism and monarchical ambition. He was arrested for his activities!!!

Kentucky Virginia Resolves1. Democrat Republicans Reaction to Alien Sedition Acts2. Drafted by Jefferson and Madison3. The Virginia and Kentucky legislatures passed

resolutions declaring the federal laws invalid within their states. The bold challenge to the federal government offered by this strong states' rights position seemed to point toward imminent armed conflict within the United States.

4. Enormous changes had occurred in the explosive decade of the 1790s. Federalists in government now viewed the defense of their political party as the equivalent of the survival of the republic. This led them to enact and enforce such harsh laws against civil liberties.

5. Madison, who had been the chief architect of a strong central government in the Constitution, now was wary of national authority. He actually helped the KENTUCKY LEGISLATURE to reject federal law.

6. By placing states rights above those of the federal government, Kentucky and Virginia had established a precedent that would be used to justify the secession of southern states in the Civil War during the Nullification Crisis in the Jackson Presidency and Secession threats by South Carolina’s John Calhoun

Under the terms of the ASA over 20 Republican newspaper editors were arrested and some were imprisoned. The most dramatic victim of the law was Vermont REPRESENTATIVE MATTHEW LYON. His letter that criticized President Adams' "unbounded thirst for ridiculous pomp, foolish adulation, and self avarice" caused him to be imprisoned. While Federalists sent Lyon to prison for his opinions, his constituents reelected him to Congress even from his jail cell.

Death or Liberty: Gabriel’s Rebellion1. Gabriel Prosser was a skilled slave blacksmith who

orchestrated the first slave rebellion during the early days of the US in Richmond, Virginia.

2. The republican ideology of the Revolution and the anti-elitist thrust of the Democratic-Republicans helped shape Gabriel's vision in leading a SLAVE REVOLT.

3. Gabriel expected "the poor white people" as well as "the most redoubtable republicans" to join his cause to create a more democratic republic in Virginia . He especially identified Quakers, Methodists, and Frenchmen as those whites who were most "friendly to liberty.”

4. The assault planned for August 30, 1800, however, never came together. Torrential rain caused confusion and a traitor from within the group warned white authorities of the impending attack.

5. Gabriel's careful planning demonstrates that some enslaved people actively resisted slavery and were well informed about the world beyond their own harsh circumstances.

Pop Quiz #2 (3 points each = 21 points) Take out clean paper

Respond with brief answers to the following questions:

1. Very briefly highlight the significance of the relationship between Jefferson’s Northwest Ordinance of 1787 to Madison’s Federalist Paper #10.

2. How did Mary Wollstonecraft’s 1792 book A Vindication for the Rights of a Woman influence American women?

3. Who was Gabriel Prosser and what did he lead?4. How did John Adams fail to fulfill his potential as our second

President?5. What were the documents that Jefferson and Madison wrote in

reaction to the Alien Sedition Act & why were they significant?6. What did Jefferson want to achieve during his Presidency?7. List three achievements of the Lewis & Clark Expedition.8. EC: What circumstances prompted Mary Shelly to write

Frankenstein?

Election of 1800A Test of Wills

1. The ELECTION OF 1800 between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson was an emotional and hard-fought campaign. Each side believed that victory by the other would ruin the nation.

2. Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist whose sympathy for the French Revolution would bring similar bloodshed and chaos to the United States.

3. On the other side, the Democratic-Republicans denounced the strong centralization of federal power under Adams's presidency. Republicans' specifically objected to the expansion of the U.S. army and navy, the attack on individual rights in the Alien and Sedition Acts, and new taxes and deficit spending used to support broadened federal action.

4. Overall, the Federalists wanted strong federal authority to restrain the excesses of popular majorities, while the Democratic-Republicans wanted to reduce national authority so that the people could rule more directly through state governments.

Marbury vs. Madison (1803) page 3021. Before John Adams leaves office he attempts to “pack” the

Federal Courts with Federalist sympathizers2. His secretary of state John Marshall delivers a

appointment to William Marbury.3. When Jefferson assumes Presidency, he refused to honor

Federalist appointment by preventing his secretary of state James Madison from delivering appointment

4. Marbury sues Madison & it goes to the Supreme Court under Jefferson’s cousin John Marshall who rules that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was Unconstitutional.

5. Marshall’s Court actually rules against themselves however Marbury Madison establishes the Supreme Court’s Legitimacy for Judicial Review !!

Jeffersonian Democracy1. Thomas Jefferson Presidency (1801-

1807), Democratic-Republican2. Many feared Jefferson’s radical views on

government would lead to a National Civil War and anarchy…His Inaugural Speech calmed the nation…"We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists."

3. The Democratic-Republicans believed that government needed to be broadly accountable to the people. Their coalition and ideals would dominate American politics well into the nineteenth century. Can name past and modern Presidents who were influenced by Jefferson?

4. As an Enlightened Man, Jefferson embodied a true Renaissance President – dedicated to Human Reason, Exploration, Sciences, Music, Architecture and Nature.

5. As a politician of democracy, Jefferson led the Nation toward his vision of the American Republic based on "absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the MAJORITY." Stemming from his deep optimism in human reason, Jefferson believed that the WILL OF THE PEOPLE, expressed through elections, provided the most appropriate guidance for directing the republic's course.

Additional Significant Facts on Jefferson’s Term

1. Jefferson supported an Agrarian Democracy based on affordable land for farmers & his 1787 Northwest Ordinance principles.

2. Jefferson believed that the future of the US must be based on hard working independent rural communities that embodied Liberty

3. Jefferson also encouraged industry to use science and technology to advance US production & international trading.

4. For Jefferson, western expansion provided an escape from the British model of industrial oppression. As long as hard working farmers could acquire land at reasonable prices, then America could prosper as a republic of equal and independent citizens. Jefferson's ideas helped to inspire a mass political movement that achieved many key aspects of his plan.

The Louisiana Purchase & the Lewis Clark Expedition

Such a Bargain for an Empire“Farmers were the chosen people of

God”Native Americans were apparently

not among the chosen

1. How did Jefferson’s Major Presidential Achievement reflect his historical contradictions?

2. Sent delegates to France to buy New Orleans as a vital commercial port for US

3. Napoleon, in the middle of another French War negotiates for the sale of the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million ($250 today)

4. In a stroke of his pen Jefferson doubled the size of the nation for 14 cents an acre

Lewis & Clark Corps of Discovery 1804-1806

1. Jefferson dispatched two fellow Virginians, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, to explore it.

2. They were to conduct scientific and commercial surveys in order to find ways to exploit the region’s resources, develop trade with Indians, and find a commercial route to the Pacific Ocean that could foster trade with Asia (Northwest Passage).

3. With the indispensible help from a Shoshone 15 year old Indian named Sacagawea the Corps of Discovery forged alliances with local tribes along their journey.

4. In two years Lewis and Clark traveled 2000 miles, all the way to the Pacific (reaching it in the area of today’s Oregon- Fort Clatsop) and back.

5. Though they did not find a commercial route to Asia, their success reinforced the belief that America’s territory would one day extend to the Pacific Ocean.

6. It was the greatest achievement of Jefferson’s Presidency.

Jefferson’s Second Term

Filled with Conflict

1. Barbary Warsa. Jefferson sent Stephen Decatur and the Marines to Tripoli to battle Islamic

Pirates & open Mediterranean Seas to open trading2. Embargo Acta. In order to remain neutral between France & England, Jefferson used his

Presidential powers to shut down foreign trade to pressure nations to end Impressments.

b. In 1808 American exports plummeted to 80%c. Though he moderated it with the 1809 Non-intercourse Act, his Presidential

image was tarred and feathered by those who saw this as an act of Jeffersonian economic piracy!!

US Moves toward 2nd War with England“Canada, Canada, Canada!!”

1. A group of aggressive political leaders known as the War Hawks pushed for war against England.

2. These new American leaders from western & southern US states such as Henry Clay (Kentucky) & John C. Calhoun (S. Carolina) were a new breed of nationalists.

3. US pride and upholding American honor at all costs in order to expand economic interests were paramount to them.

4. Coupled with heightened tensions between western settlers (1800 – 400K lived W. of App. Mtns) and Native Indians in the Ohio Valley, the War Hawks pushed Jefferson’s successor, James Madison to declare war against England.

The Rebel Shawnee Bros: Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa “The Prophet”

1. Natives could either attempt to assimilate into American culture as Cherokee Chief John Ross his people should do or…

2. Reject all “White Ways” like the Shawnee Leaders Tecumseh & Tenskwatawa urged and fight for their people traditional culture.

3. Tenskwatawa, a prophet, argued that whites were the source of all evil and that Indians should completely separate from everything European.

4. In 1810, Tecumseh organized attacks on frontier settlements. In 1811, William Henry Harrison destroyed the militants’ village at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

5. The Shawnee Bros were emblematic of the future erosion of Indian culture as more white settlers entered their natural domain.

6. Hunting grounds, bison, fishing and grass lands that had been indispensible to their culture were now disappearing in lieu of the entrance of whites.

Parody Cartoon of British incited Indian Atrocities against American

William Henry Harrison, Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa

War of 1812 Becomes a State Mate1. The declaration of war by Congress in 1812 reflected a divided

nation:2. Federalists and Republicans representing northern states, where

mercantile and financial interests were concentrated, voted against the war.

3. Southern and western representatives voted overwhelmingly for it. Deeply divided, the U.S. lacked a large navy or army, lacked a central bank (since the Bank of the United States’ charter expired in 1811), and northern merchants and bankers refused to loan money to the government.

4. England held the upper hand for much of the War of 1812, defeating American navy in early sea/lake battles and even invading the capitol In 1814, and captured Washington, D.C., burned the White House, and forced the government to flee (Dolly Madison saved George’s painting by Stewart).

5. The United States had a few victories, including the defense of Baltimore at Fort McHenry, an event that inspired the song that became the national anthem, the “Star-Spangled Banner.”

6. However, under military commandeers like Commodore Perry, William Henry Harrison, and Andrew Jackson they began to remove the Indian threat and win decisive victories at sea and on land.

7. The Treat of Ghent ended the War however Jackson’s impressive victory with a militia of misfits over the British at New Orleans provided a patriotic push and lent great measure to his military political aspirations.

The Marquise Returns to America in 1824

• Foner begins Chapter 9 with a vignette about Marquise de Lafayette’s return trip to America in 1824.

• The America he visits is a far different place than when he fought beside his mentor Washington during the Revolution some 50 years earlier…How???

• Pop = then 4 mill 1824 x3 – 12 million• Colonial Period Travel = it cost @ much

to travel 30 miles inland than 3000 miles across the Atlantic; it took 5 mos. to travel from Cincinnati to NYC by boat

• In 1824, a steam ship traveling via the canals can make it in a few weeks.

Transforming America in the 19th Century

Chapter 9“Rugged Individualism &

Innovation”

1. In 1800, America was undergoing not one, but two revolutions: one political, the other economic.

2. 1801, when Jefferson became President, the U.S was a new, underdeveloped country of just over 5 million.

3. Most of the pop. Hugged the Atlantic Ocean – 10% lived in rural areas – not in cities – most remained within 20 miles of their homes – America was a rural agrarian nation in 1801 – But this was going to change….In 100 years when T.R. took office – the US was a different nation. How???

4. Industrialization – Immigration – Urbanization – Class/Race/Gender Roles – Transportation/Settlement

5. The big question is how the United States emerged into such radical changes over only a century & what movements drove these changes during the course of the 19 th Century????

T.R. in 1901

1. Electricity 5. Factories - Unions 9. Abolition of Slavery

2. Telephone 6. Urbanization10. Women suffrage (states)

3. Refrigeration 7. Immigration11. West is Conquered

4. Locomotive 8. Imperialism 12. Within 6 years – planes, cars,

The Mountain Men1. The mountain men were beaver trappers and

explorers who lived in the wilderness of the Rocky Mountains between 1810 to the 1840s. Initially began by French trappers during the 17th & 18th Century – Americans entered fur trapping following the Lewis and Clark Expedition. John Colter remained in the Rockies

2. Mountain men epitomized the enterprising independent adventuresome spirit of early America because they not only lived in the wilderness while trading but marketed their lucrative beaver pelts.

3. They forged healthy positive relationships with local Indian tribes like the Blackfeet, Shoshone, Crows, and Cheyenne Indians

4. They were instrumental in opening up the various Emigrant Trails (widened into wagon roads) allowing Americans in the east to settle the new territories of the far west by organized wagon trains traveling over roads explored and in many cases, physically improved by the mountain men and the big fur companies originally to serve the mule train base inland fur trade.

The Era of Morbid Tidings: 1819-1828

Era of Good Feeling Under Monroe

• A Virginian and Revolutionary veteran, Monroe ushered in a period of national political stability and growth.

• Governor of Virginia, a diplomat who was part of the Louisiana Purchase and Secretary State, Monroe was the last founding father President.

• Wrought with conflicts:• Second Bank of US Panic of

1819• Missouri Compromise of

1820 – “Fire bell in the Night”• Monroe Doctrine – Warning

to Foreign nations to keep out of Western Hemisphere

The Missouri Compromise:

The Nation Can’t Ignore its “Fire Bell in the Night”

The U.S. Senate was evenly split during the Monroe Administration: 11 free states and 11 slave states (Delaware and Kentucky were slave states), and admission of a new state threatened the balance. Henry Clay, known as the Great Compromiser, peacefully resolved the difficult dispute over slavery in new states with the Missouri Compromise: admit one free state (Maine) to balance one new slave state (Missouri), and ban slavery above a certain latitude (36 degrees, 30 minutes) in the Louisiana Territory.The Missouri Compromise became a temporary stop gap measure only delaying the pending crisis that would divide the nation regarding the future of slavery in the decades to come.

The Monroe Doctrine

In his 1823 Presidential Address, a speech written by John Adams son John Quincy Adams, Monroe’s Sec. State, Monroe established the first American Foreign Policy Declaration known as the Monroe Doctrine.Essentially, the Doctrine recognized newly independent Latin American nations and their rights to self-determination without the threat of European powers to attack them. It was a warning to European Powers that if they intervened in the sovereignty of Latin America, the US would see it as a threat to all of the Americas & take any action it deemed necessary to protect these smaller countries and US interests

The Inventor of the First American Industrial Revolution

1. In 1807, on the Hudson River in New York, the first steamboat, built by Robert Fulton, went into operation.

2. Steamboats made possible upstream navigation and rapid transport across the Great Lakes, and eventually the Atlantic Ocean.

3. In 1825, the Erie Canal in upstate New York was completed. The canal facilitated the settlement of upstate New York and the Old Northwest, and helped foster trade between farmers in the west and manufacturers in the east.

4. While canals only connected existing waterways, railroads opened vast new areas of the interior, while stimulating coal mining, for fuel, and iron manufacturing, for locomotives and rail. Work on the first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, began in 1828.

5. By 1860, the nation’s rail network was 30,000 miles long, more than the total in the rest of the world combined.

6. At the same time, the invention of the telegraph in the 1830s by Samuel F. B. Morse allowed for instantaneous communication.

The American System Connecting Markets

1. Henry Clay believed that the future success of national enterprise must be determined by regional markets controlled by supply and demand economics

2. This American System would connect Northern manufacturing, banking and artisans with Southern agriculture and raw materials. Furthermore, western settlements would provide the North and South with viable future markets.

3. National Roads like the one through the Cumberland Gap, canals, R/R and telegraph would transport goods and information to connect economic regions to one another and strengthen the national economy.

4. Protective Tariffs & Taxes to foster internal improvements would be necessary & a national bank to ensure monetary stability and credit

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 9.1 The Market Revolution: Roads and Canals, 1840

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 9.3 Travel times from New York City in 1800 and 1830

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 9.2 The Market Revolution: Western Settlement, 1800-1820

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 9.4 The Market Revolution : the spread of cotton

cultivation, 1820–1840

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 9.5 Major Cities, 1840

The American Industrial Revolution Factory Life for Women

Virginia Woolf, in the 1920s, made this point: "It is obvious that the values of women differ very often

from the values which have been made by the other sex. Yet it is the masculine values that prevail" (A

Room of One's Own, N.Y. 1929, p. 76)Definition: A gender role is a set of social and behavioral norms that are generally considered appropriate for either a man or a woman in a social or interpersonal relationship.

Gender Roles: Past & PresentTalcott Parsons Gender Role Model of 1950s Nuclear Family

Lowell Mill Girls (1810-1840)WHAT: The "Lowell Mill Girls" (or "Factory Girls," as they called themselves) were female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.WHO: The Factory girls were daughters of propertied New England farmers, between the ages of 17 and 25 (But many were as young as 11 and as old as 40). By 1840, at the height of the Industrial Revolution, the textile mills had recruited over 8,000 women, who came to make up nearly 75% of the mill workforce.WHY: The girls could support their families during the depression of the 1830s; help send their brothers to college; take advantage of educational schools provided by factory employers; gain valuable skills that they would carry into adulthood; develop social relations with other workers

CONFLICT: Factory owners began to abuse the girls by working them longer hours for less pay and under dangerous working conditions.EFFECT: Conditions in the Lowell mills were severe: Lowell girls worked from 5:00 am until 7:00 pm, for an average 73 hours per week. The noise of the spindles were deafening; girls toiled in hot spinning rooms especially during the summer when employers kept windows shut. They breathed in air filled with cloth and thread that led to many coughing up blood and causing respiratory conditions

The Spatial Empowerment Effect1. Girls lived together in boarding houses that factory

owners built near the factories.2. Despite cramped and menial conditions; these Lowell

boarding homes fostered a close affinity among the girls who saw one another as part of a family.

3. This communal spirit inspired them to demand worker rights as conditions worsened during the 1830s. They organized two strikes in ’34/’36

4. The sense of community that arose from working and living together contributed directly to the energy and growth of the first union of women workers, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.

5. Started by twelve operatives in January 1845, its membership grew to 500 within six months, and continued to expand rapidly. The Association was run completely by the women themselves: they elected their own officers and held their own meetings; they helped organize the city’s female workers, and set up branches in other mill towns. They organized fairs, parties, and social gatherings.

Oh! isn't it a pity, such a pretty girl as I

Should be sent to the factory to pine away and

die?Oh! I cannot be a slave, I will not be a slave,For I'm so fond of liberty,

That I cannot be a slave.

The Lowell girls' organizing efforts were notable not only for the "unfeminine" participation of women, but also for the political framework used to appeal to the public. Framing their struggle for shorter work days and better pay as a matter of rights and personal dignity, they sought to place themselves in the larger context of the American Revolution. During the 1834 &1836 "turn-out" or strikes – they warned that "the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us,” the women included poems which read:

Let oppression shrug her shoulders,And a haughty tyrant frown,And little upstart Ignorance,In mockery look down.Yet I value not the feeble threatsOf Tories in disguise,While the flag of IndependenceO'er our noble nation flies.

Transcendentalism 1. In reaction to the factory system and the depersonalized

nature of machines, certain American writers emphasized the individual unique qualities of human nature.

2. They placed value on the natural world and our relationship to it.

3. These transcendentalists reasoned that individual judgment should take precedence over existing social traditions and institutions. Ralph Waldo Emerson defined freedom as an open-ended process of self-realization, in which individuals could remake themselves and their own lives. Henry David Thoreau called for individuals to rely on themselves.

4. In this era the term individualism was first used. Unlike in the colonial period, many Americans now believed individuals should pursue their own self-interest, no matter what the cost to the public good, and that they should and could depend only on themselves. Americans more and more saw the realm of the private self as one in which other individuals and government should not interfere.

5. Thoreau, Dickinson, and Emerson established an credible national literary field that stood on par with European writers.

Chapter 10 Jacksonian DemocracyGuiding Questions for this Unit

1. How did the era of Jacksonian Democracy begin to shape our modern political landscape?

2. What were the major areas of conflicts between sectionalism and nationalism?

3. Describe the battles that occurred between Andrew Jackson and other significant actors during this period.

4. In what ways did Andrew Jackson embody the contradictions of democratic nationalism and reflect the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville?

Jackson and NixonPower ~ Prestige ~ Persuasion

Corrupt Bargain: Election of 18241. The winner in the all-important Electoral College was Andrew

Jackson, the hero of the War of 1812, with 99 votes. He was followed by JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, the son of the second president and Monroe' secretary of state, who secured 84 votes.

2. Meanwhile Crawford trailed well behind with just forty-one votes. Although Jackson seemed to have won a narrow victory, receiving 43 percent of the popular vote versus just 30 percent for Adams, he would not be seated as the country's sixth president. Because nobody had received a majority of votes in the electoral college, the House of Representatives had to choose between the top two candidates.

3. Henry Clay, the speaker of the House of Representatives, now held a decisive position. As a presidential candidate himself in 1824 (he finished fourth in the electoral college), Clay had led some of the strongest attacks against Jackson. Rather than see the nation's top office go to a man he detested, the Kentuckian Clay forged an Ohio Valley-New England coalition that secured the White House for John Quincy Adams.

4. In return Adams named Clay as his secretary of state, a position that had been the stepping-stone to the presidency for the previous four executives.

The End of the Innocence

Election of 1828• Jackson was a vicious murderer• Jackson’s Mother was a hoar who married a

mulatto• Rachel Donelson Jackson, who had been

separated from her first abusive husband was called an adulteress for supposedly not being officially divorced when she married Jackson in 1791.

• John Quincy Adams was accused of skinny dipping in the Potomac, hiring prostitutes while Ambassador in London, and gambling in the White House.

“Oh Andy! Oh Andy!How many men have you hanged in your life? How many weddings make a wife?”

Jacksonian Democracy1. The presidential election of 1828 brought a great

victory for ANDREW JACKSON. Not only did he get almost 70 percent of the votes cast in the electoral college, popular participation in the election soared to an unheard of 60 percent. This more than doubled the turnout in 1824

2. Jackson warned that the nation had been corrupted by "SPECIAL PRIVILEGE," characterized especially by the policies of the Second Bank of the United States. The proper road to reform, according to Jackson, lay in an absolute acceptance of majority rule as expressed through the democratic process.

3. Jackson's election marked a new direction in American politics. He was the first westerner elected president, indeed, the first president from a state other than Virginia or Massachusetts. He boldly proclaimed himself to be the "CHAMPION OF THE COMMON MAN" and believed that their interests were ignored by the aggressive national economic plans of Clay and Adams.

4. Jacksonian Democracy. First, it declared itself to be the party of ordinary farmers and workers. Second, it opposed the special privileges of economic elites. Third, to offer affordable western land to ordinary white Americans, Indians needed to be forced further westward.

Panic of 1819 & Maryland vs McCulloch • A sharp financial disaster known as the Panic of 1819. Despite the economic downturn,

Monroe remained popular and was reelected in 1820 almost unanimously.• A Economic Panic hit the country in 1819; many blamed the distress on the policies of the

Second Bank of the United States (chartered in 1817 with Monroe's support),which was badly managed by William Jones, its first president. Monroe, who considered the bank essential to ensure a sound currency and to control the careless habits of state banks in making loans, succeeded in 1819 in persuading the directors to replace Jones with Langdon Cheves, a former Congressman and a far abler financier. Monroe approved Chief Justice John Marshall's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which upheld the constitutionality of the bank

• The economy recovered after 1820. Monroe vetoed an appropriation for road repairs in the Cumberland Road Bill (1822), stating that "congress does not possess the power under the constitution to pass such a law.” With Monroe in the White House, the House rejected most spending bills on internal projects.

• In 1819 the Marshall Court ruled against a state that attempted to tax a branch of Second of United States that been recharted in 1816.

• The Marshall Court ruled that the Necessary and Proper Clause of Constitution Article 1 Section 8 Clause 1: 18 prevented states from taxing a branch of the Federal Government because to “tax is to destroy.”

• The Court determined that Congress did have the power to create the Bank. Chief Justice Marshall supported this conclusion with four main arguments. Enumerated vs Implied Power of the 8 Ball

Chapter 10 Pop QUIZ #2

1. List three reasons why Jackson defeated J.Q Adams in 1828?

2. How did the Nullification Crisis bring the US to the brink of a Civil War?

3. Was the Cherokee Nation a sovereign nation according to the John Marshall Court? Explain

4. Who was Nicholas Biddle and why didn’t Jackson like him?

Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America• In Democracy in America,

published in 1835, Tocqueville wrote of the New World and its burgeoning democratic order. Observing from the perspective of a detached social scientist, Tocqueville wrote of his travels through America in the early 19th century when the market revolution, Western expansion, and Jacksonian democracy were radically transforming the fabric of American life.

• Tocqueville explicitly cites inequality as being incentive for poor to become rich

Tocqueville wrote that he did not know of any country where there was "less independence of mind, and true freedom of discussion, than in America.”Slavery...dishonors labor; it introduces idleness into society, and with idleness, ignorance and pride, luxury and distress. It enervates the powers of the mind and benumbs the activity of man. On this same English foundation there developed in the North very different characteristics.he Negro race will never leave those shores of the American continent to which it was brought by the passions and the vices of Europeans; and it will not disappear from the New World as long as it continues to exist. The inhabitants of the United States may retard the calamities which they apprehend, but they cannot now destroy their efficient cause.

Popular Voting from

1824 to 1832

King Andrew or Man of the People?

1. Jackson relied on his "KITCHEN CABINET," an unofficial group of friends and advisers.

2. Jackson took the view that only the President could be trusted to stand for the will of the people against the aristocratic Congress. Jackson's weapon was the veto. "ANDY VETO" used this power more often than all six previous Presidents combined.

3. At the same time, Jackson espoused the "SPOILS SYSTEM" in awarding government offices.

4. Jackson believed in meritocracy for the selection of government workers.

The South Carolina Nullification Controversy

1. In 1828, Congress passed a high protective tariff that infuriated the southern states because they felt it only benefited the industrialized north.

2. The southerners looked to Vice President John C. Calhoun from South Carolina for leadership against what they labeled the "TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS.”

3. Calhoun argued for a less drastic solution — the doctrine of "NULLIFICATION." According to Calhoun, the federal government only existed at the will of the states. Therefore, if a state found a federal law unconstitutional and detrimental to its sovereign interests, it would have the right to "nullify" that law within its borders. Calhoun advanced the position that a state could declare a national law void.

4. Jackson rightly regarded this STATES-RIGHTS challenge as so serious that he asked Congress to enact legislation permitting him to use federal troops to enforce federal laws in the face of nullification. Fortunately, an armed confrontation was avoided when Congress, led by the efforts of Henry Clay, revised the tariff with a compromise bill. This permitted the South Carolinians to back down without "losing face."

5. In retrospect, Jackson's strong, decisive support for the Union was one of the great moments of his Presidency. If nullification had been successful, could secession have been far behind?

Jackson vs. Clay and Calhoun

1. Many political issues separated Jackson from Calhoun, his Vice President. One was the issue of states rights.

2. Hoping for sympathy from President Jackson, Calhoun and the other states-rights party members sought to trap Jackson into a pro-states-rights public pronouncement at a Jefferson birthday celebration in April 1832.

3. Some of the guests gave toasts which sought to establish a connection between a states-rights view of government and nullification.

4. Finally, Jackson's turn to give a toast came, and he rose and challenged those present, "OUR FEDERAL UNION — IT MUST BE PRESERVED."

5. Calhoun then rose and stated, "The Union — next to our liberty, the most dear!" Jackson had humiliated Calhoun in public. The nullification crisis that would follow served as the last straw.

6. Jackson proved that he was unafraid to stare down his enemies, no matter what position they might hold.

1. Jackson's personal animosity towards Clay seems to have originated in 1819, when Clay denounced Jackson for his unauthorized invasion of SPANISH WEST FLORIDA in the previous year.

2. Clay was also instrumental in John Quincy Adams's winning the Presidency from Jackson in 1824, when neither man had a majority and the election was thrown into the House of Representatives. Adams' appointment of Clay as Secretary of State confirmed Jackson's opinion that the Presidential election has been thrown to Adams as part of a corrupt and unprincipled bargain.

3. Jackson believed the American System to be unconstitutional — could federal funds be used to build roads? He vetoed the MAYSVILLE ROAD BILL, Clay's attempt to fund internal improvements. His veto of the Bank Recharter Bill drove the two further apart.

Jackson’s Bank Wars>President of the People (producers)>Protector of their interests (soft money vs. hard money)>Another battle he must win for Democracyover autocracy

Nicholas BiddlePresident of the Bank of United States

during Age of Jackson

The War Against the Bank• The SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES was chartered in 1816 for a

term of 20 years. The time limitation reflected the concerns of many in Congress about the concentration of financial power in a private corporation. The Bank of the United States was a depository for federal funds and paid national debts, but it was answerable only to its directors and stockholders and not to the electorate.

• The supporters of a central bank were those involved in industrial and commercial ventures. They wanted a strong currency and central control of the economy. The opponents, principally agrarians, were distrustful of the federal government. The critical question — with whom would President Jackson side?

• In January 1832, Biddle's supporters in Congress, principally Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, introduced Bank recharter legislation. Even though the charter was not due to expire for four more years, they felt that the current Congress would recharter the Bank. They felt that Jackson would not risk losing votes in Pennsylvania and other commercial states by vetoing it. Jackson reacted by saying to his vice-president, Martin Van Buren, "The Bank is trying to kill me, Sir, but I shall kill it!”

• Jackson's opposition to the Bank became almost an obsession. Accompanied by strong attacks against the Bank in the press, Jackson vetoed the BANK RECHARTER BILL. Jackson also ordered the federal government's deposits removed from the Bank of the United States and placed in state or "PET" BANKS.

The Trail of Tears — The Indian Removals1. Jackson, both as a military leader and as President,

pursued a policy of removing INDIAN TRIBES from their ANCESTRAL LANDS. This relocation would make room for SETTLERS and often for SPECULATORS who made large profits from the purchase and sale of land.

2. The CHEROKEES of Georgia, on the other hand, used legal action to resist. The Cherokee people were by no means frontier savages. By the 1830s they developed their own written language, printed newspapers and elected leaders to representative government. When the government of Georgia refused to recognize their autonomy and threatened to seize their lands, the Cherokees took their case to the U.S. Supreme Court and won a favorable decision. John Marshall's opinion for the Court majority in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia was essentially that Georgia had no jurisdiction over the Cherokees and no claim to their lands. But Georgia officials simply ignored the decision, and President Jackson refused to enforce it. Jackson was furious and personally affronted by the Marshall ruling, stating, "Mr. Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"

3. Finally, federal troops came to Georgia to remove the tribes forcibly. As early as 1831, the army began to push the Choctaws off their lands to march to Oklahoma.

4. In 1835, some Cherokee leaders agreed to accept western land and payment in exchange for relocation. With this agreement, the TREATY OF NEW ECHOTA, Jackson had the green light to order Cherokee removal.

5. Other Cherokees, under the leadership of CHIEF JOHN ROSS, resisted until the bitter end. About 20,000 Cherokees were marched westward at gunpoint on the infamous TRAIL OF TEARS. Nearly a quarter perished on the way, with the remainder left to seek survival in a completely foreign land. The tribe became hopelessly divided as the followers of Ross murdered those who signed the Treaty of New Echota.

• Alexis de Tocqueville, the French philosopher, witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1831

• In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction, something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu; one couldn't watch without feeling one's heart wrung. The Indians were tranquil, but sombre and taciturn. There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country. "To be free," he answered, could never get any other reason out of him. We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples.

—Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America

Jedediah Smith1. Worked for William Ashley Company2. Always carried a bible with him3. Was scarred from a terrifying encounter with a Grizzly Bear in

1824.4. Rediscovered the South Pass the lowest point in the Rockies

where Pioneers later used.5. Led a trapping expedition into California in 1826 to be the first

Americans to enter California overland…Helped by Missionaries at San Gabriel Mission and then arrested by Mexican authorities. They released him if he promised to immediately return to US….he broke his promise and headed toward Northern California.

6. Traveled back to California in 1831 and was later killed by a Comanche ambush on the Santa Fe Trail. The movie Jeremiah Johnson staring Robert Redford is based on Smith.

7. While travelling overland throughout the American West, Jedediah's policy with the Native Americans was to maintain friendly relations with gifts and exchanges. However, if Jedediah felt Indians were being hostile to his party, he would make a demonstration by having one or two Natives killed with a rifle. This was done to discourage any further tribal aggression against him and his party. Smith punished his men for indiscriminately shooting Indians without any perceived threat to his party.

8. Jedediah Smith's explorations were the main basis for accurate Pacific-West maps; all the travels and discoveries of the trappers and fur traders since Ashley went into the map of the western United States he prepared in the winter of 1830–31. This map has been called “a landmark in mapping of the American West”.

Juan Seguin: Two sides of the Texas Conflict1. Seguin was born in San Antonio in 1806 &

emerged as one of the most wealthy Tejanos rancheros in the Mexican province known as Tejas.

2. Seguin represented the liberal Tejanos, who saw American settlers as friends to expand Texas prosperity.

3. During the Alamo siege he escaped to bring support to the 137 American encamped Fort against 5000 Mexican soldiers

4. Seguin, later became mayor of San Antonio, but was finally forced to flee his native land when racism against Mexicans rose during the period of Manifest Destiny

5. Seguin fled to Mexico where he later fought against his former friends during the Mexican American War

6. What are the three stages of Settler Conflict that Seguin’s narrative illustrates during this era of Manifest Destiny??

Manifest Destiny• Western Settlers: Motives; Push and Pull

• Destinations: Texas; Oregon; Utah; California

• Texas: Stephen Austin, Sam Houston & General Santa Ana

• California: Hide & Tallow Trade > Discovery of Gold>Land of Honey & Money

• Mexican American War• Oregon: The Whitman

Missionaries • Utah: Brigham Young & the

Mormons• Immigrants: Irish & German:

Midwest

1. What were the various reasons that the United States expanded into Western Territories during the 1840s?

2. How did this conquest of the West contribute to a growing national conflict over the future of slavery?

3. What is the legacy of American Manifest Destiny?

The Lone Star Republic: Tejas• Despite a 13-day holdout, the 187 Texans were crushed by Santa Anna's

forces, which numbered 5000 strong. The deaths of commander WILLIAM TRAVIS, JIM BOWIE, and DAVY CROCKETT angered Americans as cries of "REMEMBER THE ALAMO!" rang throughout the land. Americans flocked to Texas, and, led by commander SAM HOUSTON, defeated Santa Anna's forces. On May 14, 1836, Santa Anna grudgingly recognized Texan independence.

• Most TEXAN-AMERICANS wanted to be annexed by the United States. They feared that the Mexican government might soon try to recapture their land. Many had originally come from the American south and had great interest in becoming a southern state. President Andrew Jackson saw trouble. Many Whigs and Abolitionists in the North refused to admit another slave state to the Union. Rather than risk tearing the nation apart over this controversial issue, Jackson did not pursue annexation. The Lone Star flag flew proudly over the LONE STAR REPUBLIC for nine years.

• Texas was an independent country for nine years because of the slavery debate in Western Territories

Manifest Destiny

• “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the Continent allotted by Providence for the free development and our yearly multiplying millions.” John O’ Sullivan

• The "every man is equal" mentality of the Jacksonian Era fueled this optimism. Now, with territory up to the Mississippi River claimed and settled and the Louisiana Purchase explored, Americans headed west in droves. Newspaper editor JOHN O'SULLIVAN coined the term "MANIFEST DESTINY" in 1845 to describe the essence of this mindset.

• Americans believed in divine providence that they would settle the entire continent from “Sea to Shining Sea” & that it was there ordained destiny to create a strong continental empire.

• At the heart of manifest destiny was the pervasive belief in American cultural and racial superiority. Native Americans had long been perceived as inferior, and efforts to "civilize" them had been widespread since the days of John Smith and MILES STANDISH. The Hispanics who ruled Texas and the lucrative ports of California were also seen as "backward.“

Eureka!: California Here We Come • By the mid 1830s, the 21 missions in California were

running some 400,000 head of cattle on their lands. Some cattle were slaughtered for fresh meat; some meat was dried for future use or for shipment. The hides were put to a wide variety of uses-bed mattresses, horse blankets, saddles, shoes, chair seats, knapsacks, window, and door coverings.

• Tallow, the fat of the steer, was also an important commodity. There were two kinds of tallow-the manteca, lying nearest the hide, was used for cooking; the sebo was used for candles and soap and was the type most often shipped abroad.

• The hide and tallow industry was in decline by the mid 1840s, a decline that was greatly accelerated by the discovery of gold in California in 1848. Thousands of fortune-seekers poured into northern California and the demand for beef skyrocketed. For seven years ranchers enjoyed unprecedented prosperity as prices soared to $75 a head in San Francisco.

Richard Henry Dana’s Epiphany • Richard Henry Dana was one of the first Americans to write about

California before the Gold Rush.• His book Two Years Before the Mast was based on his voyage to

CA • Losing his vision during college Dana decided to enlist as a

merchant seaman, despite his high-class birth. • On August 14, 1834 he departed Boston aboard the brig Pilgrim

bound for Alta California, at that time still a part of Mexico.[6] This voyage would bring Dana to a number of settlements in California (including Monterey, San Pedro, San Juan Capistrano San Diego Santa Barbara, Santa Clara and San Francisco).

• After witnessing a flogging on board the ship, he vowed that he would try to help improve the lot of the common seaman. The Pilgrim collected hides for shipment to Boston, and Dana spent much of his time in California curing hides and loading them onto the ship.

• While atop the bluffs later to be named after him he looked out over the Pacific and reflected how wonderful life was like at that Transcendental moment in California

• To return home sooner, he was reassigned by the ship's owners to a different ship, the Alert, and on September 22, 1836, Dana arrived back in Massachusetts.

• Two Years Before the Mast would become highly sought after as one of the few sources of information on California.

Election of 1844: A Mandate for Western Conquest

The Democrats had championed the cause of expansion, informally linking the controversial Texas annexation issue with a claim to the entire Oregon Country, thus appealing to both Northern and Southern expansionists. (The slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight," often incorrectly attributed to the 1844 election, did not appear until later; see Oregon boundary dispute.) Polk's consistent support for westward expansion—what Democrats would later call "Manifest Destiny"—likely played an important role in his victory, as opponent Henry Clay hedged his position.

The Election of 1844 - James K. Polk• How did Polk defeat Henry Clay??• Polk was an excellent strategist. He tapped into the

public mood and realized that manifest destiny was the very issue that could lead him to victory.

• Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "FIFTY-FOUR FORTY OR FIGHT!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds.

• Nevertheless, Polk boldly declared to Great Britain that joint occupation would end within one year. The British were confident they could win, but by 1846 they were vastly outnumbered in Oregon by a margin of greater than six to one. In June of that year, Britain proposed splitting Oregon at the 49th parallel. Polk agreed to the compromise, and conflict was avoided.

• The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country along the 49th parallel, the original American proposal.

54° 40' or Fight: Securing the Oregon Territory

• The southern boundary of the United States with Mexico was not the only western territory under dispute. The OREGON TERRITORY spanned the modern states of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington, as well as the western coast of Canada up to the border of RUSSIAN ALASKA. Both Great Britain and America claimed the territory. The TREATY OF 1818 called for joint occupation of Oregon — a solution that was only temporary.

• Oregon fever swept the nation in the 1840s. Thousands of settlers, lured by the lush WILLAMETTE VALLEY headed west on the OREGON TRAIL. Families in caravans of 20 or 30 braved the elements to reach the distant land. Poor eastern families could not generally make the trip, as outfitting such an expedition was quite expensive. The CONESTOGA WAGON, oxen and supplies comprised most of the cost. The families fought Native Americans at times, but often they received guidance from the western tribes. It took six months of travel at the speed of fifteen miles per day to reach their destination.

Land & a River = War for Manifest DestinyPolk had four goals: 1. reduce the tariff, 2. reestablish the Independent Treasury, 3. settle the Oregon dispute, 4. and bring California into the United States.

Congress enacted the first two goals, and the third was secured through an agreement with Britain dividing up Oregon.

Polk offered to buy California from Mexico, but Mexico refused to negotiate. By early 1846, the US Congress formally annexed Texas – w/o a formal Mexican treaty

Polk planned for war. In April, U.S. soldiers sent into the disputed area between Texas and Mexico inevitably came to blows with Mexican troops. Polk claimed that Mexicans had shed blood on American soil, and he called for a declaration of war.

Henry David Thoreau refused to pay taxes and was arrestedNewly elected congressman Abe Lincoln asked: “Show me the spot where they attacked us??”

• James K. Polk believed the US should acquire Texas for American settlers – When the Mexican Government under Santa Ana refused to sell it – he orchestrated a war by disputing where the boundary was: Nueces or Rio Grande River???

• He accused Santa Ana of attacking Texas settlers across the Rio Grande – The war for land then began…It lasted from May of 1846 to January of 1848

• Polk directed the war from Washington, D.C. He sent a 4-prong attack into the Mexican heartland. JOHN FREMONT and STEPHEN KEARNY were sent to control the coveted lands of CALIFORNIA and NEW MEXICO.

• Many like the Whigs and New England Abolitionists protested the war….• The MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR was formally concluded by the TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO. The

United States received the disputed Texan territory, as well as NEW MEXICO territory and CALIFORNIA. The Mexican government was paid $15 million — the same sum issued to France for the Louisiana Territory.

Nearly 300 years after Cortez conquered the Aztecs – Mexico won its independence in 1821Within 27 years Mexico lost all the land Spain had secured in a war with the US over the US zealous Expansionism.Many Americans believed the Mexican American War was based on greed & the desire to extend slavery into western territories

Effects of Mexican American War

1. Manifest Destiny is secured by Conquest

2. Polk’s Expansionist Policy Realized

3. US extends territory to Pacific 4. Public Sphere emerges as

immediate means to learn about war > Debate > Dissent

5. Future Civil War soldiers gain valuable military experience

6. Ethnocentrism & Racism prevail 7. Pro-slavery southerners face off

against Northern Abolitionists on Western territ.

War News(1848) by

Strangers in a Strange LandRare 1840s Photo of Pioneer Wagon Train

Narcissa Whitman

• Marcus and Narcissa Whitman were both from upstate New York. In 1836 the Whitmans headed West with other missionary couples toward along the Oregon Trail.

• The group travelled with fur traders for most of the journey, and took wagons farther West than had any American expedition before them. Along the way, Narcissa became one of the first white women to cross the Rocky Mountains.

• The Whitmans reached the Walla Walla river on September 1, 1836, and decided to found a mission to the Cayuse Indians at Waiilatpu in the Walla Walla Valley. The Spaldings travelled on to present-day Idaho where they founded a mission to the Nez Percé at Lapwai.

• "We never had greater encouragement about the Indians than at the present time." This optimism soon faded, however. The Whitman's two-year-old daughter drowned in 1839, Narcissa's eyesight gradually failed almost to the point of blindness, and their isolation dragged on year after year. Above all, the Cayuse continued to be unreceptive to their preaching of the gospel.

Coming to America & Going West• A potato famine in Ireland

caused over a million deaths in the mid-1800s

• In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of IRELAND emigrated to the United States.

• In the decade from 1845 to 1855, more than a million Germans fled to the United States to escape economic hardship. They also sought to escape the political unrest caused by riots, rebellion and eventually a revolution in 1848.

Backlash to Immigration: Nativism • Many Americans saw these new

European immigrants as a threat to their jobs, American Liberty, & homogeneity

• A Nativism Movement emerged in cities across the US as a prejudiced organized ideology to reject and discriminate against Irish, German and Asian immigrants during the 19th Century.

• The No-Nothing Party emerged The Know Nothing Their platform included the repeal of all naturalization laws and a prohibition on immigrants from holding public office.

Following the Platte to the Great Salt Lake: The Mormon Trail

• Brigham Young (left) was on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo.

• On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska,

• The traveled south of the Platte River and est. the Mormon Trail in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847.

• Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.

The Church of the Later Day Saints was established by Joseph Smith who clamed he received the Book of Mormon from an angel.The religious groups were constantly persecuted in Ohio until Smith Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844,

Ranch near Monterey CA 1830sPastoral California

• John Sutter “Johann Souter” – Swiss Land Baron (Tax Refugee)

• New Helvetia – His Dream• Mariano Vallejo – Californio

Gov• Sutter’s Fort – Refuge for

Pioneers• James Marshall – Carpenter

who discovered Gold 1/24/1848 on American River

San Francisco in 1850 -

From Argonaut to Siliconaut

• California's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush, and fast success in a new world became known as the "California Dream."[130] California was perceived as a place of new beginnings, where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck. Historian HW Brandis notes

• The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans, of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard"... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time, year by year by year. The new dream was the dream of instant wealth, won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck. [This] golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter's Mill.

Seneca Falls Convention

Communist Manifesto 1848

Separate but Equal is Defeated Rock & Roll!!

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The ruins of Richmond, in an 1865 photograph byAlexander Gardner.

The enemy of my enemy is my friend

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

The original and final designs for Thomas Crawford’sStatue of Freedom

Political Chart of the United States

North South Differences by 1852 Mid-term Election

1. More northerners are using the ballot

2. More northerners are literate 3. There are more libraries in the

North4. There are more churches in

the North5. There are more newspapers &

periodicals – public sphere

What does this chart suggest about the goal of Jefferson’s and Madison’s Empire of Liberty for a informed Republic?

Chapter 11 The Peculiar Institution called Slavery

1. When the Founding Fathers signed the Constitution there were 700 thousand slaves in America-By 1860 there were 4 million slaves in the United States of America.

2. Although African-Americans had been brought to British America since the time of Jamestown colony, American slavery grew as the south depended on cash crops such as tobacco, rice and sugar.

3. Eli Whitney had yet to invent the cotton gin until the last decade of the 1700s. This new invention led the American south to emerge as the world's leading producer of cotton. As the south prospered, southerners became more and more nervous about their future over their dependence on slave labor.

4. Even with the demise of slavery in Europe and throughout Central and Southern America, it refused to die in the US – There was even a rampant refusal to abide by the formal ending of the slave trade in 1808 as hundreds of slave pirates continued to import slaves into New Orleans.

A broadside advertising the public sale of slaves

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

An advertisement by a slave trader seeking ownerswishing to sell slaves.

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A typical broadside offering a reward for the captureof a runaway slave.

The South’s White Gold

1. 75% of the world’s cotton supply came from America’s Cotton Belt. Name those states? (412)

2. A world economy was born from the economic relationship between King Cotton and textile factories in New & Old England.

3. By the eve of the Civil War cotton had become the US #1 export & over half of the total value of all domestic exports.

4. Southern investment in their slaves exceeded the entire value of all the nation’s banks, railroads and factories by 1860

1. Prior to the cotton gin, it took up to 10 hours to produce a pound of cotton, with very little profit. The COTTON GIN ultimately grew to produce a thousand pounds of cotton per day with relatively little expense.

2. In 1791, the year the cotton gin was invented, the total amount of cotton being exported was about 138,000 pounds. Two years later, the amount of cotton being exported rose ten-fold, to 1,600,000 pounds.

3. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, the annual cotton production had risen to 4.5 million bales – A bale averaged 350 to 400 lbs each!!!

4. Guess which 7 states seceded from the United States first???

King Cotton

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd EditionCopyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyAn American Slave Market

1. Slavery became a completely sectional issue, as few states above the MASON-DIXON LINE still permitted human bondage.

2. These arguments also revealed the growing separation in the needs and priorities of the northern industrial interests versus the southern planting society, all of which culminated in the Civil War.

3. Nevertheless, the economic relationship between northern textile mills and King Cotton in the Deep South continued to link the two regions economically.

A pre–Civil War engraving depicting the paternalist ideal.

Paternalistic Defense of Slavery

“God Bless you master, you feed and clothe us and when we are

sick you nurse us, and when we’re too old to work you provide for

us.”1. Planters believed they were

father figures for their slaves.2. Slaves were an extended part

of their own family – to be protected and nurtured.

3. In truth since many masters forced themselves on female slaves – their children were truly part of their families.

Plantation Life1. The southern culture emerged over several hundred years

as a system to both maintain their lifestyle and protect their economy which included slavery.

2. Unlike the depictions portrayed in Gone with the Wind, many southerners worked small farms with few slaves and barely made a living off of their crops.

3. However, poor or rich, all southerners firmly defended their rights to Old Dixie: The mystique that they were united under the banner of chivalry and southern comfort. Racism and prejudice became justified as a means to an social/economic end.

4. Large plantation owners were protected of their slaves under the banner of a paternalistic father figure. And since many forced themselves upon female slaves – they literally were father figures!

5. Overseers were White Slave foremen6. Drivers were Black Slave Foremen7. Domestic slaves were vaulted in class to work in the homes

of their masters. 8. As the Peculiar Institution spread across the South, many

states passed "SLAVE CODES," which outlined the rights of slaves and the acceptable treatment and rules regarding slaves.

Slavery as It Exists in America

Merely Economic Misunderstandings

Northern factories enslaved their workers in unhealthy working conditions and long hours for meager wages.

Southern slaves were fed, clothed and protected by their masters against selfish exploitive capitalists.

Unemployment in the north led to beggars and orphans living on the streets.

Southern planters always looked out for the best interests of their slaves.

JAMES THORNWELL, a minister, wrote in 1860, "The parties in this conflict are not merely Abolitionists and slaveholders, they are

Atheists, Socialists, Communists, Red Republicans, Jacobins on the one side and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the

other."

1. Those who defended slavery rose to the challenge set forth by the Abolitionists. The defenders of slavery included economics, history, religion, legality, social good, and even humanitarianism, to further their arguments.

2. The southern economy would collapse which would lead to a national collapse since New England textile mills were dependent on cotton.

3. Freed slaves would kill everyone in the south reflected by the French Revolution

4. History had always had slavery even the Bible defended it.5. Defenders of slavery argued that by comparison with the

poor of Europe and the workers in the Northern states, that slaves were better cared for. They said that their owners would protect and assist them when they were sick and aged, unlike those who, once fired from their work, were left to fend helplessly for themselves.

Freed African Americans

1. Contrary to most myths about the antebellum period, there were many southern blacks who were free – 1.5 million by 1860.

2. They could be freed voluntarily by their masters called manumission or pressured as the abolition movement grew stronger.

3. African Americans also escaped to freedom – a rather risky decision as the penalties were either hanging or harsh torture as whippings.

4. Those who were freed southern free blacks were still denied rights by Black Codes like religion, owning a gun, gaining a education and holding property in some states.

5. In many states, the slave codes that were designed to keep African-Americans in bondage were also applied to free persons of color. Most horrifically, free blacks could not testify in court. If a slave catcher claimed that a free African-American was a slave, the accused could not defend himself in court.

Free Blacks in the Old SouthThe Upper and Lower South

1. Slavery helped define the status of free blacks. 2. By the Civil War, half a million free blacks lived in the United

States, the majority in the South. While whites defined their freedom by their distance from slavery, free blacks were not radically different than enslaved blacks.

3. In most of the North, free blacks could not vote and had few economic opportunities. In the South, free blacks could own their own property, could marry, and could not be bought or sold as slaves.

4. But they had virtually no other rights in southern society. 5. They could not own dogs, guns, or liquor; could not strike

whites, even in self-defense; and had to carry proof of their free status.

6. In other American slave societies, where racial identity was less sharply distinguished, free blacks amassed property and prestige. In the United States, the sharp racial distinction between black and white left little room for a mulatto class to emerge.

7. John Mercer Langston, a lawyer from Oberlin Ohio town came from a family of abolitionists. His brother Charles and his brother-in-law O.S.B. Wall were among the town’s residents who rescued a runaway slave, John Price from a slave-catcher.

Slavery Life Varied based on Where they were & how they worked

• Frederick Douglass worked both as a field hand and as skilled craftsman in a Baltimore shipyard (Key to our Stars)

• Urban slaves enjoyed more freedom than those toiling on the land.

• For those forced to pick the cotton and even worse cure the Louisiana sugar fields in gangs – the drudgery lasted from sun up > sun down 24/7/365.

Million $ ? – Why didn’t more slaves escape?

• Masters maintained order and discipline by various means• Slave codes that prevented slaves from having any rights

subduing their will to flee• Strict overseers who used brutal repercussions for any

disobedience • The threat of breaking up slave families by sending them

off to a slave auction• Despite all of these inhumane treatments, slaves never

relinquished their desire to escape to freedom in the north

Reprisals for escape was brutal as these two victims of the inhumane treatment of their masters testify

Gordon is below

A Slave Burial: The Ultimate Form of Freedom

• In some ways, gender roles for slaves were very different than those in the larger society. Slave men and women were equally powerless.

• The slave family remained central to slave culture and allowed slaves to transmit their values and traditions and strategies for survival from generation to generation.

• A distinctive form of Christianity also helped slaves survive and resist bondage. • Every plantation seemed to have a slave preacher, often with little education but

considerable oratorical skill and knowledge of the Bible.• Urban slaves often established their own churches. But masters used Christianity as

another means of control and discipline. Some required their slaves to attend sermons reminding slaves that theft was immoral and that servants should obey their masters.

Resistance to Slavery

1. Outnumbered by whites and facing federal, state, and local authorities dedicated to preserving slavery, slaves only rarely rebelled. Compared to Caribbean or Latin American slavery, where slaves were more numerous and more often imported directly from Africa, slave rebellions in the United States were smaller and less frequent.

2. This does not mean that slaves simply submitted to their condition. Resistance to slavery took many forms, from individual acts of disobedience to the occasional uprising.

3. The most common form of slave opposition was “day-to-day resistance” or “silent sabotage”: doing poor work, breaking tools, abusing animals, and simply disrupting plantation routine. Slaves faked illness or found other ways to avoid reporting to work. Many slaves stole food, but less frequent and more dangerous were assaults against whites, from arson and poisoning to armed attacks.

4. Escape was a serious threat to slavery’s stability. Most slaves who ran away would leave the plantation for a day or two, simply to frustrate owners, but would return.

5. The smaller number of fugitive slaves who attempted to permanently escape faced considerable obstacles to freedom. They often had little or no knowledge of geography beyond the plantation, other than to know that them north meant freedom.

6. Perhaps 1,000 slaves reached the North or Canada each year. Most fugitive slaves escaped from Upper South states, where they could more easily reach the North. In the Deep South, fugitive slaves often went to cities where they could blend in with free black communities. A loose organization of sympathetic black and white abolitionists, called the “Underground Railroad,” helped slaves runaway.

Amistad & Major Slave Rebellions• In a few cases, large groups of rebellious slaves gained their freedom. The most famous case

involved the slaves aboard the Amistad, a slave ship off the Cuban coast, in 1839. After they seized the ship, the slaves sailed the ship up the American coast until it was seized. While President Martin Van Buren wanted to return the slaves to Cuba, abolitionists helped the slaves sue for freedom, and in the Supreme Court, former president John Quincy Adams defended them. Adams argued that since the slaves had been brought from Africa in violation of international treaties banning the slave trade, they should be freed. The Court agreed, and most of the freed slaves emigrated back to Africa. While the Amistad case had no legal bearing on slaves in the United States, it may have inspired later revolts on slave ships.

• Slaves only rarely mounted organized rebellions within the U.S. The four largest conspiracies in American history happened between 1800 and 1831. Gabriel’s Rebellion in 1800 was followed in 1811 by an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, in which several hundred armed slaves who tried to march on New Orleans were defeated in a bloody encounter with militia and federal troops. In 1822, Denmark Vesey, a slave carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina, organized a rebellion. He quoted the Bible and the Declaration of Independence to justify armed resistance. His plot was discovered before it was implemented, and Vesey and thirty-four other blacks were executed.

An engraving depicting Nat Turner’s slave rebellion of 1831

Nat Turner was a mystic and preacher who used his visions to build up a devoted following that he used to organize one of the worst slave revolts in southern history.In 1831 Turner and 70 of his disciples began killing their masters and then anyone white around Southampton Virginia. Approx. 60 whites were killed in Turner’s RebellionSouthern whites in Virginia fled their communities in mass panic fearing that Turner and his escaped slaves would kill them. Turner alluded capture for two months enabling his to become the poster child for slaves gone wild & prompting southern states to institute very harsh slave codes.

Turner’s Rebellion shocked the South and caused owners throughout the region to punish and execute recalcitrant or suspicious slaves. In the aftermath, Virginia’s legislature passed harsh laws further restricting slaves and the rights of free blacks. Other southern states followed suit. The rebellion also inspired a growing movement of abolitionists in the North to demand the immediate abolition of slavery, sparking a reaction in the South against abolition and civil liberties that would intensify sectional hostility.