Shade, litter, nematodes, earthworms, termites and companion trees in coffee-based agroforestry in relation to climate resilience

K. Hairiah1), I G. Swibawa 2), W.S. Dewi3), F. K. Aini4), D.Suprayogo1), Widianto1), F.X. Susilo2) and M van Noordwijk4)

Session 5.3 ‘Biodiversity and Agroforested Habitats’, Wednesday 12 February

Forest conversion to coffee

Can infiltration and soil functions be maintained?

Do agroforestry systems matter?

Objective: Quantify direct and indirect impact of changes in tree diversity on diversity of soil biota and ecosystem services of coffee based

agroforestry systems ~ climate resilience

Activities1. Survey belowground biodiversity

(BGBD) in various land use systems

2. Focus group discusisons (FGD) ~ farmer local knowledge on BGBD

3. Pot experiments ~ Earthworm response to litter quality

4. Survey on the spatial pattern of nematodes in a mixed coffee agroforestry system.

Lampung, 2004

Lampung, 2004 & Malang 2005

Malang, 2007

Lampung, 2007

Land Use Systems1. HA= Undisturbed Forest

2. HS = Disturbed (secondary)

3. AF = Coffee based agroforestry

4. KM= Monoculture coffee

5. TS = Annual food crop system

6. HT= Vegetables crop system

7. AL = Degraded land (Imperata grassland)

FOREST

Coffee garden

Annual Crop

(Coffee monokulture)

(Shaded coffee)1. Canopy cover

Coffee Monoculture

Coffee-based AF

What has changed?

11.5

9.210.0

6.1

3.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Fores

t

Mul

tistrat

a

Shaded

-Par

Shaded

-Glir

i

Coffe

e Mono

Lit

ter

inp

ut,

Mg

/ha/y

r

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Forest

Multis

trata

Sha

ded -P

ar

Sha

ded -G

liri

Cof

fee

Mon

o

Lit

ter

co

mp

os

itio

n

Branch Leaf Flower Fruit

What has changed?2. Litter Input

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

18 20 22 24 26 28 30Mean air temperature,

oC

Me

an

so

il t

em

pe

ratu

re,

oC

Sun

Shaded

Multistrata

Forest

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

18 20 22 24 26 28Mean soil temperature,

oC

Ra

ng

e o

f s

pa

tia

l v

ari

ati

on

, oC

3.Micro climateSource: Hairiah et al., 2006

What has changed?

Sun Coffee

Forest

ACTIVITY 1BGBD Inventory

Earthworm Diversity(Taxonomy, Biogeography, Function)

SpeciesBiogeo

graphy

Fungti

on

HA HT AF KM PL HR AL

Metaphire sp.1 N Ep

Metaphire sp.2 N Ep

Megascolex sp. N En

Metaphire javanica group N A

Pontoscolex corethrurus E En

Gordeodrilus elegans E A

Malabiria levis E En

N. panamaensis E A

Dichogaster saliens E En

Ocnerodrilus occidentalis E En

Jumlah jenis (10) 3 4 5 5 2 3 2

N = native, E = exotic, Ep = epigeic, En = endogeic, A = anesic

Disappeared

What has changed?

11 species

What has changed?

LOST DOMINANT

Metaphire javanica Pontoscolex corethrurus

CHANGES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES: Soil Porosity

1 2

34

Soil Macropore

Macropore in-vertical plane

Coffee monoculture

Imperatagrassland

Coffee-based Agroforestry

Forest

100 cm

30

cm

30

cm

30

cm

30

cm

20 %

8 %

6 %

12 %

LUS No Species Fungcional Group HA HT AFI KM TP HR AL

1 Coxocapritermes sp. A Soil 1) 3)

2 Coxocapritermes sp. B Soil 1) 3)

3 Microcapritermes connectens

Soil 3)

4 Procapritermes sp.C Soil 3)

5 Pericapritermes buitenzorgi Soil 1) 2) 3)

6 Termes comis Soil 3)

7 Labritermes sp. A Soil 2) 3)

8 Pericapritermes nitobei Soil 3)

9 Pericapritermes sp. D Soil 3)

10 Pericapritermes speciosus Soil 3)

11 Pericapritermes dolicephalus

Soil 1) 3)

12 Nasutitermes havilandi Wood 3)

13 Hospitalitermes hospitalis Epiphyte 3)

14 Schedorhinotermes brevialatus

Wood 3)

15 Longipeditermes longipes Wood 2) 3) 3)

16 Macrotermes ahmadi Wood 3) 3)

17 Bulbitermes constrictus Wood 3) 3)

18 Bulbitermes flavicans Wood 2)

19 Bulbitermessp. A Wood 3)

20 Nasutitermes sp.B Wood 3)

21 Nasutitermessp. C Wood 3)

22 Parrhinotermes sp. C Wood 3)

23 Parrhinotermes aequalis Wood 3)

24 Bulbitermessingaporiensis Wood 3)

Excl

usi

ve S

pec

ies

in t

he

Fore

st 14 species disappeared

3 Tolerant Species

7 New Species

Total species in Lampung:

39 species

Aini, 2006

TERMITES

Coffee

Companion crops

10 cm

20 cm

30 cm

10 cm

20 cm

30 cm

10 cm

20 cm

30 cm

Zone A Zone B1 Zone B2 Zone c50 m 150 m100 m

Nematodes SamplingACTIVITY 4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

UNF LOF AFC MNC SFI

Re

lati

ve

de

ns

ity F

un

cti

on

al

Gro

up

, in

div

/10

0 n

em

ato

de

s

Land use systems

Pt Fv Bv Pr Om

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

UNF LOF AFC MNC SFI

Nem

ato

des d

en

sit

y, i

nd

iv./

300 c

c s

oil

Land use systems

(A) (B)

(Pt = herbivore (plant parasitic), Fv = fungivore, Bv = bacterivore, Pr = predator, and Om = omnivore; UNF=Undisturbed natural forest, LOF=Logged over forest, AFC= Agroforestry coffee based, MNC=Monoculture coffee system, LAN=Low intensified annual cropping , HAN= High intensified annual cropping, SFI= Shrub – Imperata grassland)

Plant parasitic

KK1

Fungivora

2%

Bakterivora

21%

Predator

1%

Omnivora

1%

Algaivora

0%

Parasit tbh

75%

KK3

Parasit tbh

87%

Fungivora

4%

Predator

1% Algaivora

0%

Bakterivora

7%

Omnivora

1%

KG3

Fungivora

9%

Bakterivora

28%

Predator

7%

Omnivora

5%

Algaivora

1%

Parasit tbh

50%

KP5

Fungivora

3%

Bakterivora

23%

Predator

5%

Omnivora

3%

Algaivora

0%

Parasit tbh

66%

KA5

Fungivora

5%

Bakterivora

14%

Predator

3%

Omnivora

3%

Algaivora

0%

Parasit tbh

75%

Kelimpahan klp. makan nematoda pada lahan kopi

Monoculture coffee, 1 yr Monoculture coffee, 3 yr

Gliricidia -shaded coffee AF coffee+ banana

Plant-parasitic nematodes

AF coffee+ avocado

Effect of cropping pattern in coffee agroforestry system on abundance of parasitic nematode (Radopholus)

Cropping pattern

Population

(individu per

300 cc soil)

Monoculture 97.47 b

Coffee + banana 328.39 a

Coffee+ Gliricidia 95.02 b

Coffee + Gliricidia +

Avocado 88.47 b

Coffee + Gliricidia +

Avocado +

Mahogany 136.92 b

Probability 0.0005

(Swibawa et al, 2008)

Earthworm is important for maintaining enough ‘humus’ in agricultural soil & good bite for fishing !

Activity 2. Farmer perceptions ~ BGBD

Field Day:

LIFE BENEATH OUR FEET

Plannar cage

ACTIVITY 3. What “food quality” earthworms like?

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100

Eart

hw

orm

Mo

rtal

ity,

%

Time, days

Control

Coffee (C)

Gliricidia (G)

Avocado (A)

C+G

C+G+A

Not all litters are the same……

Gliricidia litter poisonous to Pontoscolex

Gliricidia

control

coffee

Gliricidia application > 4 Mg ha-1 is harmful for earthworm started at 7 days after application

Under field condition:Litter production of Gliricidia 5- 6 Mg ha-1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 7 14 21 28

Mort

ali

ty, %

/pot

Time, day

0

2

4

6

Mg ha-1

y = 57.13ln(x) - 13.98R² = 0.748

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 7 8

Mo

rta

lity

, %

/pot

Dosage Gliricidia, Mg ha-1

Forest Agroforestry: Tree diversity

Surface Litter composition: snag, branch, twig,leaf, fruit, flower

Micro Climate: Air & Soil Temperature, Soil moisture

Mineralisation

Litter quality

SOM

Macropore

formation

Low erosion risk

Tree density & diversity: Canopy cover

Nutrients

DecompositionSoil Organisms

Control soil borne diseaseGrowth & Yield

of desirable crops

ECONOMIC & ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

Dri

vers

Pro

cess

Serv

ice

sFa

cto

rs

Maintain C stock

Termites Earthworms

Nematodes

Improving ABGD in complex AF systems is a key factor in maintaining BGBD and optimizing its ecosystem function.

BUT, specific relations may be more complex as shown by Gliricidia, it provides specific benefits by suppressing plant-parasitic nematodes….

BUT, it can be harmfull for earthworms

mixing Gliricidia with coffee prunings + others reduced the negative effect of Gliricidia

• BGBD Project• Indonesian Ministry of

Education & Culture• Indonesian Ministry of

Research Technology• TULSEA Project - ICRAF