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Overview of potential of cassava as a food cropAnd as a feedstock for biofuels
Klanarong Sriroth([email protected])
Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)Cassava and Starch Technology Rerearch Unit (CSTRU)Kasetsart University, ThailandKasetsart University, Thailand
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy cropCassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Cassava: The best alternativeCassava: The best alternative
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
World Productions of cassava (2009)World Productions of cassava (2009)Production (1,000 t)Production (1,000 t) Area (1,000 ha)Area (1,000 ha) Yield (t/ha)Yield (t/ha)
WorldWorld-Africa-Africa-LAC-LAC-Asia-Asia--CambodiaCambodia-China-China-India-India-Indonesia-Indonesia-Laos-Laos-Malaysia-Malaysia-Myanmar-Myanmar-Philippines-Philippines-Sri Lanka-Sri Lanka-Thailand-Thailand-Timor-Leste-Timor-Leste-Vietnam-Vietnam
240,989240,989124,615 124,615 (51.70%)(51.70%)
34,677 34,677 (14.38%)(14.38%)81,473 81,473 (33.80%)(33.80%)
3,4973,4974,5114,5119,6239,623
22,03922,039152152430430211211
2,0432,043277277
30,08830,0884949
8,5568,556
19,05819,05812,33212,332
2,6672,6674,0364,036
157157270270280280
1,1751,175101041411616
2152152323
1,3261,3261212
508508
12.6412.6410.1010.1013.0013.0020.1820.1822.2722.2716.6716.6734.3634.3618.7418.7414.7014.7010.4810.4812.7812.78
9.469.4611.6411.6422.6722.67
4.124.1216.8116.81
Source : FAOSTAT, Sep 2010.
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Genotype Environment Management
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Yield of cassava : increase 1 ton/ha (per year)
Productions of cassava in 2009Yield = 12.64 tons/haArea = 19,058,000 ha
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Productions increase from 2009Productions increase from 2009= 259,951,120= 259,951,120 - - 240,989,000 240,989,000== 18,962,120 18,962,120 tons tons
Productions of cassava in 2010Productions of cassava in 2010
= 13.64 * 19,058,000= 13.64 * 19,058,000= 259,951,120 tons = 259,951,120 tons
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage as Food CropsAdvantage as Food Crops
““Growth tolerance to poor Growth tolerance to poor environmental condition ”environmental condition ”
Advantage as Food Crops
Advantage as Food Crops
Root yield (t/ha) of cassava roots of different varieties
Variety Harvest time (months)
10 months 12 months
Without water stresss
With water stress
Without water stress
With water stress
Rayong 1 24.6 + 1.8 14.9+ 2.7 29.8+ 5.8 24.8+ 2.5
Rayong 5 35.2 + 4.5 17.9 + 1.1 41.8 + 5.1 26.9 + 4.9
Rayong 60 26.8 + 3.6 18.7 + 3.9 34.7 + 7.8 30.6 + 2.9
Rayong 90 26.6 + 1.8 16.7 + 4.4 34.9 + 3.4 26.2 + 7.8
KU50 27.8 + 2.9 18.2 + 0.5 34.9 + 6.3 28.8 + 4.4
CMR 33-57-81 41.9 + 3.9 21.3 + 8.1 51.1 + 7.6 28.8 + 7.2Source : Santisopasri et al., 2001. Industrial crop and Products., 13, p.115-129.
““All year round planting/harvesting”All year round planting/harvesting”
Advantage as Food Crops
“ “ Possibility to Possibility to increase root productivity ”increase root productivity ”
Improved varieties + Cost-effective cultivation practices = High productivity
Advantage as Food Crops
““Possibility to increasePossibility to increaseHigh root productivity”High root productivity”
Advantage as Food Crops
High Root ProductivityHigh Root ProductivityThai average = 20 T/ha
World = 11 T/haReported ~ 90 T/ha
Advantage as Food Crops
“Continuous development of high yield-improved varieties”
Advantage as Food Crops
Rayong5Rayong5
Rayong90Rayong90
Advantage as Food Crops
KU50KU50
Huaybong 60Huaybong 60
Advantage as Food Crops
““Less input in planting Less input in planting and harvestingand harvesting””
Advantage as Food Crops
HarvestingHarvesting
1 man day = 8 hours = 1.20 ton
Advantage as Food Crops
Harvesting Index Harvesting Index = Root yield= Root yield
(HI) (HI) Biomass Biomass
= 50% = 50%
HarvestingHarvesting
Advantage as Food Crops
““High-quantity/quality High-quantity/quality
carbohydrate source”carbohydrate source”
Advantage as Food Crops
Advantage as Food Crops
Cultivars Protein (% w/w)
Lipid (% w/w)
Ash (% w/w)
Phosphorus (mg/kg)
Rayong 1 0.17 + 0.04 nil 0.10 + 0.02 2.45 + 0.08
Rayong 60 0.15 + 0.02 0.01 0.15 + 0.04 2.20 + 0.14
Rayong 90 0.28 + 0.06 nil 0.08 + 0.01 2.04 + 0.05
KU 50 0.30 + 0.04 0.01 0.15 + 0.02 2.04 + 0.05
Proximate analysis of Cassava starches
Source : Sriroth et al., 1999. Carbohydrate Plymer. 38, p.161-170.
““Simple conversion to dried chips forSimple conversion to dried chips foreffective storage and transportation”effective storage and transportation”
Dried ChipsDried Chips
Advantage as Food Crops
Cassava ChipCassava ChipCassava ChipCassava Chip
Conversion : 2.25 kg fresh roots / 1 kg chip
(25% starch content) (14% moisture content)
Advantage as Food Crops
Advantage as Food Crops
Advantage as Food Crops
Modification
Function
Application
Native starch
““Variation of Usage as Food”Variation of Usage as Food”
Source: CSTRU, 2009.
Industrialapplications
Confectionery
Pharmaceuticals
Textil
ePaper
Nood
les
Mea
t Pro
ducts
Bakery products
SaucesCosmetics
Adhesives & corrugated board
Dairy products
Pack
agin
g
Advantage as Food Crops
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Potential as Feedstock for Fuel
Gasohol
is a blend of anhydrous ethanol ‘derived from
agricultural products’ with gasoline !
E10 E20
E85
Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for Fuel
Advantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelAdvantages of Cassava as Feedstock for FuelSriroth et al,. 2010. The promise of a technology revolution in cassava bioethanol From Thai practice
to the world practice , Fuel. ( Available source:http://www.elsevier.com/locate/fuel )
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage of cassava as Feedstock for Advantage of cassava as Feedstock for Ethanol fermentation by Ethanol fermentation by
Yeast FermentationYeast Fermentation
Source: Sriroth et al,. 2010. Fuel 89, p.1333-1338. www.praj.com
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Advantage in Fermentable to Non-Fermentable Solids Ratio
(F/N ratio)Cassava Cassava
Fermentable glucose (up to 99%Fermentable glucose (up to 99%)) can be obtained from conventional can be obtained from conventional hydrolysis of cassava starchhydrolysis of cassava starch..
MolassesMolasses
Case I : Brix = 85Total Sugars = 51Non-fermentable Solids = 85-51 = 34F/N ratio F/N ratio = 51/34 = 1.50 = 51/34 = 1.50
Case II : Brix = 85Total Sugars = 40Non-fermentable Solids = 85-40 = 45F/N ratio F/N ratio = 40/45 = 0.88 = 40/45 = 0.88
F/N ratioF/N ratio
F/N ratio < 0.9F/N ratio < 0.9retards fermentation rate by average 15-20% retards fermentation rate by average 15-20%
F/N ratioF/N ratio
(www.praj.com)
Ash content > 10% Ash content > 10% can retard the rate of fermentation can retard the rate of fermentation
by 5-10%by 5-10%
Ash content Max = 3.0%
Ash content 10-16%
Advantage of its Low Ash ContentAdvantage of its Low Ash Content
(www.praj.com)
Advantage of Absence of Volatile AcidsAdvantage of Absence of Volatile Acids
> 5000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 30-40%
> 7000 ppm reduce fermention rate by 40-50%
Volatile Acids
Cassava chips : None Molasses : Acetic acid, Formic acid etc.
(www.praj.com)
Advantage of no caramelizationAdvantage of no caramelization in cassavain cassava
> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%> 0.40 OD retards fermentation rate by 20-25%(Measured as color in OD units (Measured as color in OD units
at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)at 375 nm of 0.1% Solution)
(www.praj.com)
Advantage in waste utilizationAdvantage in waste utilization
Solid wasteSolid waste Liquid wasteLiquid waste
Stillage from cassava chips Stillage from molasses
1. COD (mg/L) 40,000-60,000 100,000-150,000
2. BOD (mg/L) 15,000-30,000 40,000-70,000
3. TKN (mg/L) 350-400 1,500-2,000
4. Total Solids (mg/L) 60,000-65,000 100,000-120,000
5. Total Suspended Solid (mg/L) 3,000-20,000 14,000-18,000
6. Total Volatile Solids (mg/L) 20,000-40,000 n.a
7. Total Dissolved Solids (mg/L) 50,000 105,000-300,000
8. pH 3.5-4.3 4.1-4.6
Sriroth et al., 2006.n.a = not applicable
Waste Management Waste Management
Stillage quality from ethanol factories in Thailand Stillage quality from ethanol factories in Thailand
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
““Advantage of Well-developed technologyAdvantage of Well-developed technologyfor ethanol production from cassava”for ethanol production from cassava”
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Cassava Chips
Milling
-amylase glucoamylaseyeast
Distillation&Dehydration
Liquefaction SSF
Simultaneous Saccharification Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentaion processand Fermentaion process
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Mass Balance of Ethanol from Cassava ChipT/D = Ton/Day, TS = Total Solid ,L/D =Liter/day
Fermentation efficiency 90%, Distillation efficiency 98.5%
M illin g
M ix in g
L iq u efa c tio n
S S FF erm en ta tio n
D istilla tio n
M o lecu la r S iev eD eh y d ra tio n
F u e l E th a n o l
C a ssa v a C h ip
C O 2
T h ick S lo p
F u se l o il
S tea m
W a ter
- M o is tu r e 1 5 %- S ta r c h c o n te n t 6 5 % (w e t b a s is )
3 6 2 .1 7 T /D8 5 .0 0 % T S
1 ,7 9 4 .4 3 T /D1 7 .1 6 % T S
1 ,9 1 4 .4 3 T /D1 6 .0 8 % T S
1 ,7 9 9 .4 5 T /D7 .4 2 % (w /w ) A lc o h o l
1 2 4 .5 8 T /D9 5 % A lc o h o l
0 .5 0 T /D
1 ,4 9 6 .8 4 T /D6 .5 % T S
1 1 4 .9 8 T /D
1 1 8 .3 5 T /D o r1 5 0 ,0 0 0 L /D
1 ,2 4 8 .5 0 T /D
1 2 0 T /D
6 .2 3 T /D
1 7 7 .5 3 T /D
S p e n t w a sh r e c y c le
S p e n t w a sh r e c y c le
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Distillation& Dehydration
Cassava Chips
Milling
Fermentation
yeastEnzymes
Simultaneous Liquefaction, Simultaneous Liquefaction, Saccharification and Saccharification and Fermentation processFermentation process
(SLSF)(SLSF)
UNCOOKED SINGLE-STEPUNCOOKED SINGLE-STEP
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
SEMs of corn starches treated with granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes (GSHE)
6 - hr incubation
12 - hr incubation
24 - hr incubation
48 - hr incubation
CassavaCassava
CornCorn
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
To increase ethanol concentration
18% (v/v) or 14.6% (w/w)
Increase the total solid/starch content (>30% Total dissolved solid)
by increasing the feedstock to water ratio
VHG (very high gravity) technology in fuel alcohol production
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Mash viscosity reductionby enzyme cocktail
VHG technology development for cassava roots
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
Ethanol Fermentation
VHG VHG TechnologyTechnology DevelopmentDevelopment
Process waterProcess water
99 99 TonsTons
MixingMixing
(total solid = 25%)(total solid = 25%)
140 Tons140 Tons
Milling
WaterWater59 Tons59 Tons
Fresh RootFresh Root(moisture content = 60-7(moisture content = 60-7
0%)0%)100 Tons100 Tons
CassavaCassava ChipChip(moisture content = 14%)(moisture content = 14%)4141 Tons Tons
Process water saving
SunDrying
Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand
Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand
Filtration Screw Press
Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand
Solar CollectorSolar Collector
Pilot scale ethanol plant at ThailandPilot scale ethanol plant at Thailand
Technology transfer for ethanol production
Distillation Pilot PlantDistillation Pilot Plant
On going development
Fermenter
Molecular sieve
Ethanol90-95%
Cassava Chip / Root
VHG-SLSF process
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
ConclusionsConclusions
CassavaCassava : : The WINNER The WINNER for an alternative for an alternative food and biofuelfood and biofuel
Food Food - Improved yield with variation productions- Improved yield with variation productions
Fuel Fuel – Reduction of energy for – Reduction of energy for
ethanol production ethanol production
(SLSF / VHG) (SLSF / VHG)
Cassava as a biofuel/bioenergy crop
THANK YOUTHANK YOU
[email protected]@ku.ac.thwww.cassava.orgwww.cassava.org
www.thailandethanol.comwww.thailandethanol.com