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Senior Design: Compositing Overview

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Page 1: Senior Design: Compositing Overview

www.maptek.com

Training Workbook

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www.maptek.com

Compositing Maptek™ Compositing Vulcan 10

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Copyright

Copyright

© 2016 Maptek™

Maptek, Vulcan, I-Site, BlastLogic, Eureka, PerfectDig, and the stylised Maptek M are registered and unregistered trademarks of Maptek Pty Ltd; Maptek Computación Chile Ltda; Maptek Computación Chile Ltda, Sucursal Perú; Maptek S de RL de CV; Maptek Informática do Brasil Ltda and KRJA Systems, Inc. Registered marks are registered in one or more of the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Greece, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, South Africa, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America.

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this manual shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means - electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise - without written permission from Maptek™.

No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein.

Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this manual, the publisher and author(s) assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

Due to the nature of the material, some hardware and software products are mentioned by name. The companies that manufacture the products claim many of these product names as trademarks. It is not the intention of Maptek™ to claim these names or trademarks as their own.

[email protected] www.maptek.com

Revision History

February 2016 – Chris Johnson and Maureen Moore – North America – origin

April 2016 – Chris Johnson – North America – minor updates Maptek

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About Vulcan documents

The following conventions are typically used in Vulcan™ training manuals and guides.

Example Description

Design > Object Edit Text in bold are commands or options selected from a menu, panel or button.

<LEVEL>_SURVEY_POINTS> File names or extensions, variables, formulas, text entry, layers, triangulations, databases, scripts, macros, and data such as displayed in

the Report Window, are in Monospace font.

Top Down or Bottom Up design method

Text in italics are used for emphasis, special terms, tab names, column names, panel group names, etc.

Tip: Designates a hint such as an effective use of an option.

Note: Designates a point to draw attention to; an informational comment.

Important: Designates an alert to draw particular attention to.

Caution: Designates a warning that, if not followed, can lead to a serious outcome such as data corruption.

References to help topics are shown in the following manner.

For details see related help topic(s):

Product Support : Release Notes Envisage : Keyboard Controls Envisage : Toolbars : Contents

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About Vulcan documents

Every effort is made to use consistent terminology throughout all Vulcan documentation. The following terminology is typically used in manuals, guides and help:

The terms panel and dialog box may be used interchangeably. Dialog may also be used as a general term to refer to subpanels and tabs.

Panels can have tabs but panels with tree navigation can have subpanels as well as tabs. The two parts of the panel are called panes. The left pane also referred to as the navigation pane or tree pane, contains the navigation list and the right pane is the subpanel and contains the details.

Option refers to a command or menu selection, while options may refer to choices available on a panel.

The terms select and click may be used interchangeably.

The terms tick and check are used interchangeably.

The terms clear box and uncheck box may be used interchangeably.

The terms context menu, right-click menu, and shortcut menu are used interchangeably. They refer to task-specific menus that appear when you right-click.

The terms Tutorial and Exercise are used interchangeably.

The terms anticlockwise and counterclockwise are used interchangeably.

The terms nominate, choose, pick, and select may be used interchangeably.

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Contents

1 Compositing Types 7

2 Basic Steps 9

Required Steps ............................................................................................................ 9 Optional Steps ............................................................................................................ 10

3 Straight 13

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 13 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 13 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 13

4 Run Length 15

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 15 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 15 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 16 Small Composites ...................................................................................................... 16

Normal ................................................................................................................ 16 Distribute ............................................................................................................. 16 Merge .................................................................................................................. 17

5 Bench 19

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 19 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 19 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 20

6 Inter Select 21

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 21 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 22 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 22

7 Geology 23

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 23 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 23 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 24

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Contents

8 Mineable Interval 25

Advantages ................................................................................................................ 25 Disadvantages ........................................................................................................... 25 Tips, Tricks and Notes ................................................................................................ 26

9 View 27

Method 1: Display Composites ................................................................................... 27 Method 2: Display Samples ........................................................................................ 28 Other Tips .................................................................................................................. 28

Composite Display .............................................................................................. 28 Samples Load ..................................................................................................... 29

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1 Compositing

Types

Straight: Creates a composite that respects assay intervals. See

“Straight” on page 13.

Run Length: Calculates sample lengths which respect a defined value. See “Run Length” on page 15.

Bench: Generates a single composite per mining bench. See “Bench” on

page 19.

Inter Select: Short for Interval Selection, this method attempts to

maximize mining intervals while considering defined cutoff parameters. See “Inter Select” on page 21.

Geology: Creates a composite that respects geology intervals instead of

assay intervals. See “Geology” on page 23.

Mineable Interval: Generates mineable internals which consider a cutoff

grade and rock type. See “Mineable Interval” on page 25.

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8 Chapter 1

Compositing Types

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2 Basic Steps

This steps in this chapter apply to any type of composite run.

Required Steps Select a Drillhole Database.

In Pre-processing, determine how to handle missing or non-logged samples. Panel defaults for Missing data and Non-sampled data probably do not match flag values to ignore in the input database. Missing data and Non-sampled data have the same function. The two entries can address two different default flag values to ignore in a single database.

Run Length, Bench, and Geology composites also include an option to Exclude assay values from composite based on a Range of values.

Select appropriate assay tables and header fields for Assay data. Select Assay Fields to composite.

Important: Pre-processing settings are applied based upon the first Assay Field selected, which may cause unexpected results in other composites. Consider this scenario:

-99 is a flag value in the database that represents missing assays.

Pre-processing is set to replace -99 values with 0.

AU is defined as assay Field 1.

CU is defined as assay Field 2.

In a given interval, AU has a real value, whereas CU has a -99 flag

value.

In the scenario above, CU would have a value of -99 in the resulting

composite database although one may think that all -99 values were

replaced with 0. This is because AU had a real value in the described

interval, and AU was defined as Field 1.

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Basic Steps

Note: Abort compositing for holes with errors excludes any drillhole that fails validity tests, such as the test for overlapping intervals.

Complete the Method parameters. The Method parameters will vary for each type of composite. See the following chapters for information about completing the Method pane.

Define an output database and database group on the Run pane.

a. ASCII map files can contain only one group. Appending an existing

ASCII map file will overwrite existing data.

b. It is possible to create more than one group in a single composite database. However, existing database structure cannot change. Therefore, if the settings of the current specification require fields for output that do not exist in the selected database, then those fields will not write or populate with values. An example of such a field may be Statistics output possible in some composting Methods.

Optional Steps Define methods to record Geology.

a. Pick the Table which contains geology records, then click the Attributes ellipsis to configure specific parameters.

b. Break intervals by geology may override the Method parameters to break the composite at a change in the defined Rockcode field. This may result in short composites, but could help ensure samples identify with a given lithology when estimating the block model. The majority

geology code writes to the GEOCOD field in the composite database.

c. Record majority geology codes will write the geology code which corresponds to the majority of the composite length. Method parameters are respected, but Boundary Definition parameters may still result in short composites. See Step 2 on page 11. The majority geology code in

the composite interval writes to the LITH field. The percent of the

composite length which consists of the majority geology is written to the

resulting samples database in a LITH<nn> field. A unique LITH<nn>

field generates for each defined Majority Field.

d. Break intervals and record majority will break the composite at a change in the defined geology field and record the major geology in the

resulting broken composite length. Aforementioned GEOCOD, LITH and

LITH<nn> fields generate to the samples database.

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e. The selected Rockcode field defines the geology field that will break samples, if the option was selected above.

f. Define additional Majority fields, if required. For each selection in the grid, two fields are generated in the database: one which records the majority code from the selected Majority field and another which records the percentage of the composite that is composed of the reported majority code.

Defining Boundary Definitions will override the Method parameters to break the composite at the boundary selected triangulations. This may result in short composites, but may help ensure samples identify with a given domain when estimating the block model.

If restricting by triangulation:

a. If there is more than one triangulation listed, give the most important one

a higher Priority. The triangulation which has a Priority of 10 will

override a triangulation with a Priority of 1.

b. The Value field stipulates what is written to the BOUND field of the

composite database.

c. A Projection axis applies to surfaces. There is no effect when working with solids. If working with horizontal surfaces, project along the Z axis. The projection axis choice when working with dipping surfaces is defined by the required results. See help for images.

Define Thickness Reporting parameters to report optional true thickness values.

Figure 2-1 true: 5m; horizontal.: 5.77; vertical: 10

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Basic Steps

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3 Straight

Straight composites generate a sample lengths which respect intervals in the selected Assay field.

Use this option to obtain a samples database that respects the distribution of logged sample intervals.

Advantages Grade is not averaged between intervals; therefore original data is

preserved.

Disadvantages As values are not averaged. Some may argue that the result is not really

a composite.

Tips, Tricks and Notes A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any

assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

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Straight

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4 Run Length

Run Length composites will create a composite for a defined length as measured down the drillhole trace.

Use this method when composites of exact length are required due to equipment constraints or mine design parameters.

Advantages Allows for exclusion of a range of assay values in Pre-processing.

Various composite lengths are possible.

There are tools to ensure no Small Composite lengths generate.

Disadvantages May average grade across the defined length.

May artificially inflate the number of high grade samples.

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Run Length

Tips, Tricks and Notes A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any

assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

When excluding assay values from resulting composites, use a Range of values instead of a Single value to account for computer rounding. A LEN<nn> field generates to the composite database for each selected Assay Field.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

If computing statistics, the resulting field will add a two-character suffix to the end of each input Assay field name. As a field in an Isis database is

limited to 6 characters, the resulting fields on an input variable which has a field length longer than 4 characters will be truncated. This results in several field headings which are indistinguishable from one another.

Small Composites There are four ways to address Small Composites. Small composites are sample lengths that are shorter than the defined run length due to drillhole geometry and/or entered parameters.

Normal

Normal does not do anything to address small composites. Pre-processing settings are respected.

Distribute

Small composites are distributed across resulting sample lengths. Final sample lengths will be longer than the entered Composite length to generate.

Distribute – Ignore non-logged intervals ignores any settings for Missing data and Non-sampled data defined in Pre-processing to

obtain the entire length of the drilled hole for distribution purposes. Values are inserted for all non-logged intervals.

When distributing composites with the Ignore non-logged intervals method:

o Missing data and Non-sampled data parameters configured on the Pre-processing pane are ignored. Address these values with Exclude assay values from composite options instead.

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o To control the value inserted in a composite for non-logged intervals, check Assign a value to data not logged on the Pre-processing pane and enter a Value. If a value is not entered on the Pre-processing pane, the computer uses surrounding interval values to populate non-logged intervals.

Distribute – Break on non-logged intervals will restart the composite

and distribution process at non-logged interval locations. Small samples are distributed to all resulting sample lengths before the non-logged interval, then compositing and distribution begins again after the non-logged interval. This means distributed lengths on either side of a non-logged interval may differ. Pre-processing settings are respected.

Merge

Small composites merge with surrounding sample lengths based upon panel parameters. Pre-processing settings are respected.

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Run Length

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5 Bench

Bench compositing is similar to a Run Length composite except the composite length is defined by a difference in elevation instead of a length measured along a drillhole trace. A single sample is generated at a defined bench height.

Use this method in open pit environments where knowledge of the average assay value of each bench is required.

Advantages Results are driven by mining parameters.

Resulting sample lengths respect bench heights instead of following the length of a curving exploration hole.

Works on mid-bench locations, which results in a single sample at a representative elevation.

Allows for exclusion of a range of assay values in Pre-processing.

Disadvantages The option works on mid-bench elevations, which may not follow bench

naming convention at site.

Composite lengths may not be equal due to downhole variation on individual holes.

The composite is based upon a single plane, so it assumes all benches are equidistant and have the same strike/plunge.

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Bench

Tips, Tricks and Notes When excluding assay values from resulting composites, use a Range of

values instead of a Single value to account for computer rounding. A LEN<nn> field generates to the composite database for each selected Assay Field.

A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

Plane and Pivot values are used in situations where existing pit designs

or resulting block models are tilted. Choose a plane that represents mid-bench locations.

The first composite is created at the entered MIDZ Elevation, which

should correspond to the mid-bench elevation in the pit design. The composite is calculated down-z of the entered elevation at the entered Height. Choose a MIDZ Elevation that is above the highest composite

point required.

The Bench Height is measured in vertical elevation distance. Distance along the actual drillhole trace is not respected. If the drillhole is horizontal, tilted, or curved, the actual downhole length of the composite recorded in the composite database will be greater than the bench height value.

Bench Range determines the range of the composite in the negative z direction starting at the entered MIDZ Elevation.

Short composites may occur when the toe of a drill hole does not coincide with a bench toe. Maptek

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6 Inter Select

Interval selection tries to maximize the number of minable ore segments from a defined cutoff coupled with entered values for incorporating lengths of waste into composite intervals. The goal is to achieve the minimum grade required for mining.

Use this compositing method when an exact grade is required. Since the composite can be restricted spatially to account for minimum extraction capabilities of equipment, this option could be used for mine planning.

Advantages Special input parameters allow for more control over how the composite

generates.

Optimizes each segment to achieve the defined grade.

Ore segments below the defined grade are flagged as waste.

There is control over how much, if any, waste is included in a sample interval.

Control over where waste is included in a sample interval: top, bottom, or both.

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Inter Select

Disadvantages Longer compositing lengths are ultimately controlled by panel-defined

restrictions; therefore, shorter compositing lengths are easily generated.

As the compositing is complex with exact results, many iterations are often required to achieve the required composite database.

As the program attempts to reach a specific grade, waste is added to high-grade ore. A relatively small, high-grade deposit can quickly, and artificially, spatially inflate because large amounts of waste may be added to achieve the defined cut-off grade.

Very high-grade, small deposits may be marked as waste if their size falls beneath defined parameters.

Tips, Tricks and Notes A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any

assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

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7 Geology

Geology compositing is similar to a Straight composite, except composite intervals are controlled by geology intervals instead of assay intervals. Composite length is controlled by the field defined as the Rockcode field in the Geology pane. Adjacent intervals of the same lithology are combined to establish the composite length.

Use this method if grade is controlled by lithology or if rock type is important to mineral extraction.

Advantages Allows for a single composite down adjacent intervals of the same

lithology.

Respects geology intervals when rock type is important in the final model.

Allows for exclusion of a range of assay values in Pre-processing.

Disadvantages Abnormally high or low assay values may artificially inflate or deflate the

resulting geology composite length.

Blank values in the lithology field cause a break in the composite length. Log all geology codes.

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Geology

Tips, Tricks and Notes When excluding assay values from resulting composites, use a Range of

values instead of a Single value to account for computer rounding. A LEN<nn> field generates to the composite database for each selected Assay Field.

A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

Minimum settings are required in the Geology pane.

o Select the Table where lithology intervals are defined.

o In Attributes, select a Rockcode field and Bottom Depth or To field.

Blank codes in the geology breakdown field are respected as if they represent a new type of geology. Log all geology codes to avoid unwanted breaks in the composite length.

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8 Mineable

Interval

Compositing segments respect defined assay cut-off values as well as a defined segment length. Rock is classified and coded into three categories:

Waste, which is not represented in the resulting samples database.

Ore of acceptable length

Ore of unacceptable length

Use Mineable Interval in large-scale mining operations where equipment scale has a large impact on the overall mine design and scheduling.

Advantages Can restrict the composite in such a way that resulting composites

respect equipment used to extract ore.

Disadvantages Longer compositing lengths are ultimately controlled by panel-defined

restrictions; therefore, shorter compositing lengths are easily generated.

As the compositing is complex with exact results, many iterations are often required to achieve the required composite database.

Mineable Interval parameters are more limited than Interval Selection. See “Inter Select” on page 21.

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Mineable Interval

Small high-grade pockets are diluted with surrounding waste material.

Waste intervals are not written to the resulting sample database.

Selective interval method may cause more ore to absorb into waste intervals, which are not written to the output sample database.

Tips, Tricks and Notes A Cutoff Value entered in the Assay Fields pane is assigned to any

assay value that is higher than the defined Cutoff Value. If a composite interval has a value of 20, but the Cutoff Value is 10, that interval is

capped at a value of 10.

Expected sample lengths may vary to respect Geology settings or defined Boundary Definitions.

Bulk interval method vs. Selective interval method

o Bulk interval method: If an ore segment does not meet the defined Minimum ore length, adjacent waste segments are incorporated in an attempt to achieve the defined Minimum ore length. The resulting sample will not dilute beyond the defined Ore/Waste cutoff value.

o Selective interval method: In addition to performing the tasks outlined for the Bulk interval method, the process attempts to honour the defined Minimum waste length. If minimum waste

values are not met, adjustments are made to the length of the ore segment, if possible.

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9 View

There are two ways to view a samples database in Envisage:

Geology > Compositing > Display

Geology > Sampling > Load

Table 9-1 Comparison of methods

Display Composites Load Samples

Can display samples from databases or Map files.

Cannot display Map files.

Simple restrictions presented in several panels as a Wizard.

Advanced, intuitive restrictions presented in a single panel.

Very basic, hard-coded sample labels.

Advanced label control.

Uses a Drill legend. Uses a Samples legend.

Can load true point data which does not have top (x,y,z) or bottom (x,y,z) values.

Saves a load specification for future use.

Method 1: Display Composites Create a Drill legend.

Select Geology > Compositing > Display to load samples in Envisage.

To remove samples, select Geology > Composting > Remove.

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View

Method 2: Display Samples Create a Samples legend.

To open the samples database, select Geology > Sampling > Open Database.

Select Geology > Sampling > Set Up Display to enter display parameters.

Select Geology > Sampling > Load to display samples in Envisage.

To remove samples, select Geology > Sampling > Remove.

Other Tips Right-click on any sample loaded in Envisage to view the loaded samples

database.

Composite Display

Panel 1: Composite Display

If restricting by variables, enter the number of variables to use in the Variable order box.

o Example of Load as points for three variables: XYZW123

o Example for Load as lines for three variables: XYZXYZW123

The actual variables that correspond to these numbers are defined in the second panel presented. See “Panel 2: Load Samples Database” on page 28. Selections for variables will only appear if the variables were defined as outlined above.

The number corresponding to the variable is used in lieu of the variable name when writing conditions. For example, if gold is the first variable selected in the second panel, Load Samples Database, then the condition limiting gold samples to values with positive assay values would

be written as: $1 gt 0 in the first panel, Composite Display.

To restrict by filter values, polygons, triangulations, cutoff values, or coordinate points, check Restrict data to present additional panels

where these restrictions are addressed.

Panel 2: Load Samples Database

The numbered field selections must correspond correctly with number shortcuts used in the Conditions section of the first panel. See “Panel 1: Composite Display” on page 28.

Label Points or Label Lines annotates the samples with hole number, assay field name and assay value. Check Load only geology to label

geology.

The Geology code case-sensitive.

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Panel 3: Restrictions

To restrict by existing polygons, check Include/Exclude Polygons.

(1) Select all inclusion polygons and then cancel.

(2) Select all exclusion polygons and then cancel.

(3) There is no graphic confirmation that the polygons were selected.

Check Use upper cutoff value to apply a grade cap to displayed data. Any assay values less than or equal to the cutoff specified are loaded as usual. The grade of all assay values that are greater than the cutoff value are assigned the entered Upper cutoff value and then displayed.

Samples Load

Parameters are saved to individual schemes in an SMP file.

Deselect Use default display parameters to obtain wizard-type prompts

for parameters usually saved to an SMP file. If parameters are entered with this method, they are not saved for future loads.

When completing parameters, ensure grade labels include decimal places. If no decimal places are defined, grade will round.

When removing samples, select Pick samples groups off list to ensure

the correct loaded group is chosen.

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