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Libraries play a critical role in the dissemination of Knowledge and serve as repositories of knowledge. Internet has been instrumental in delivering digital information worldwide. With the advent of semantic web, there has been a paradigm shift from digital libraries (DL) to semantic digital libraries (SemDL) to address the issues and challenges of DL. Semantic Web aims at transforming the current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of data". SemDL is an initiative that allows the system to assist end users in retrieval of the most relevant content with respect to a description of their information needs. Semantic techniques have been considered from the perspective of DL and how it enhances the functioning of DLs. The key players of the semantic techniques in the context of DL are XML, XML Schema, RDF, RDF Schema, Web Ontology Language (OWL). Jerome DL is one such success story that shows the potentials of the semantic techniques to sort the problems/challenges of DL and how it improves browsing and searching of resources. The future tends to focus more keenly on the sharing of user knowledge and not merely Information Retrieval. One of the obvious outcomes is the advent of Social Semantic Digital Library (SSDL) to improve user benefits by empowering user interfaces and social networking.
Citation preview
Semantic empowered Digital Library System
Colloquium2 DRTC 2nd sem
ISIBC
INTRODUCTION
Anwesha Bhattacharya
“My two favourite things in life are libraries and bicycles. They both move people
forward without wasting anything”
~Peter Golkin~
What is a library?
A building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or the members of an institution.
An electronic library (colloquially referred to as a digital library) is a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual, audio, video materials, stored as electronic media formats along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving them.
Having computers understand things more like human beings do…
The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in co-operation. [Tim Berners-Lee , 2001]
How is semantics related to Web?
The Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of data“.
Let’s introduce Prof. Dutta
With the traditional web modelhe has the following…
A faculty page
A faculty page
A research page
A faculty page
A research page
A blog
A faculty page
A research page
A blog
A staff listing page
The content of thesesite is fine but there
are no linkages between the data
So visitor find it difficult
to get all the information
they need quickly and easily
That’s where the Semantic web comes in…
Using code we can create relationships between
websites, people and events…
These can then beunderstood by the browser
and interpreted in a helpful way
The semantic web
With all this data beingable to be displayed
simply it provides a muchricher user experience and
offers information that previously might not have
been exposed.
Well that’s exciting stuff. But how do we go about getting onboard with semantic web?
There are a few different ways we’ll have a quick and brief look at it
YouAre
Here!
Where are we in the “Semantic Web layer cake”?
TOPIC SPEAKER
1. Evolution in SDL Manasa Rath
2. Semantic techniques and technologies
Manash Kumar, Mohit Garg
3. Jerome DL Tanmay Mondal, Dibakar Sen, Shiv Shakti Ghosh
4. Semantic techniques in practice
Sandip Das, Jayanta Kr Nayek
5. Conclusion Samhati Soor
Evolution in SDL
Manasa Rath
Tim
World Wide Web or WWW or Web as defined in Wikipedia
It is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
Who proposed it ? Tim Berners-Lee
INTERNET WEB
Network of Computers Service which runs on the network
• Tim Berners-Lee proposed WWW1989
Web 1.0
ScreenShot of msn.com from the year1995
Most of the pages were static
There were only images(mostly animate GIFs..) and hyperlinks
Readers or Users were unable contribute to the site
Web 2.0
Pages are made dynamic
Users or readers are allowed to participate with the website
and contribute their views to web.
Technologies widely used in Web 2.0
WEB 2.0 for LIBRARY
PROFESSIONALS
Vertical Search
Features
RSS
Social Bookmarking
BOOK CATALOG
Library Thing Group
Extension services
BOOK Information
Review
Ask the Librarian
Global Tag Cloud
Social Information
View
New Reader
FeaturesBLOGS
Information
Towards a Semantic Web
-Tasks often require to combine data on the Web-Humans combine these information easily -Sort catalogues on the Web environment-Making the web more meaningful
EVOLUTION OF WEB
How HTML5 helps to make a semantic web
<dl>
<dt>Name<dt><dd>Mark Zuckerberg</dd>
<dt>Position</dt> <dd><span >Developer advocate</span> for <span>Google, Inc.<span></dd></dl>
Part of a normal webpage
Make it more meaning full…
<dl>
<dt>Name<dt>
<dd itempprop=“name”>Mark Zuckerberg</dd>
<dt>Position</dt>
<dd><span itempprop=“title”>CEO</span> for <span itempprop=“company”>facebook</dd>
</dl>
Towards Semantic Digital Library- Examples Library Services Semantic Web
Response to information abundance
Library to digital library is developed since the abundance of information increased
Semantic Web was initiated as a means to more effectively manage and take advantage of the increased amount of digital data
Missions grounded in service, information access, and knowledge discovery
Objectives, goals serve the purpose to facilitate information;
Semantic Web strives to allow data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprises, and community boundaries. It is a collaborative effort led by W3C and partners, based on the Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Part of society’s fabric
Part of life, for all walks, in all types, physically and virtually
Current Web is any indication of Semantic Web’s reach, which seems quite logical, the Semantic Web will surely impact millions of people’s lives daily.
Examples Library Services Semantic Web
Advancement via international and national standards
Libraries consolidated development of cataloging codes; formalized classificatory and verbal systems; and encoding/communication standards (International Bibliographic Description (ISBD) and Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC), many metadata schemes, Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (1998), and Resource Description and Access (RDA)
The Semantic Web has followed a similar path as evidenced by a collection of information standards: eXtensible Markup Language (XML), RDF, OWL, Friend Of A Friend (FOAF), and Simple Knowledge Organizations System (SKOS).
Collaborative spirit
American Library Association, Association of Library Collections and Technical Services, Cataloging and Classification Section (ALA/ALCTS/CCS), committees review cataloging polices and standards, and interact with international organizations (e.g.., IFLA and the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative).
All of the enabling technologies/standards listed above (RDF, OWL, FOAF, and SKOS) have been developed through working groups and public calls for comment.. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the home of the Semantic Web, involves academic, research, and industry members
Semantic Web Development
Traditional Services Semantic Web Services
Collection development Semantic Web selection
Cataloging ‘Semantic metadata’ representation
Reference Semantic Web reference service
Classification Knowledge representation
Semantic techniques and technologies
Manash Kumar
Two characteristics for the construction of the semantic web-
Downward compatibility
Agents fully aware of a layer should also be able to interpret and use information written at lower levels. For example, agents aware of the semantics of OWL can take full advantage of information written in RDF and RDF Schema.
Upward partial understanding
On the other hand, agents fully aware of a layer should take atleast partial advantage of information at higher levels. For example, an agent aware only of the RDF and RDF Schema semantics can interpret knowledge written in OWL partly, by disregarding those elements that go beyond RDF andRDF Schema.
Semantic web architecture
Semantic Web Stack
Semantic Web Stack
Illustrates the architecture of the semantic web
Show hierarchy of languages used to create semantic web
Shows how the technologies are organised to make semantic web possible
Semantic Web Stack
UNICODE
Unicode provides a unique number for every character
no matter what the platform.
no matter what the program.
no matter what the language.
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is an Internet Standard. It's a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource on the Internet. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network (typically the World Wide Web) using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI.
It has several component parts: A scheme name (http)A domain name (www.xxx.com)A path (/sa/edu/yuc/index.html)
An URI identifies a resource either by location, or a name, or both. A URI has two specializations known as URL, URN .
XML: Extensible Markup Language
It is a general purpose markup Language for creating specific purpose mark-up languages
Follows the SGML-standards (Standard Generlised Markup Language) With XML the single users can create their own tags (which is not possible with HTML)
RDF: Resource Description Framework
RDF is a general-purpose language for representing information in the web
Useful to represent metadata about Web resources
RDF describes resources (Both abstract or concrete subjects) identifiable via an URI
The syntax of RDF is based on XML
RDF-documents are written as XML-documents with the tag rdf:RDF
RDF Statements
A RDF-statement is described by a triple (S, P, O)
S= Subject of the statement (It’s a URIref)
P= Property (Predicate) of the statement (URIref)
O= Object
Graphical Representation of a RDF statement
(subject, predicate, object)
04/10/2023 48
https://www.facebook.com/SudhirShivaramPhotography
Sudhir Shivaram
creator
Resource
Property Type
Property Value
RDF-Schema
RDF schema provides a way of building a object model from which the actual data is referenced and which tells us what things really mean.
RDFS allows users to define resources with classes, properties and values
This allows resources to be defined as instances of classes, and subclasses of classes.
Semantic techniques and technologies (contd)
Mohit Garg
SEMANTIC WEB ARCHITECTURE
Ontology?
● Study of existence in philosophy.● Ontology is the philosophical study of the
nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
● A data model that represents knowledge as a set of concepts within a domain and the relationship between these concepts.
● It is concerned with the fundamental questions of “what is being?” and “what kinds of things are there?”
Example
● Ontology for a people of DRTC
PEOPLE
FACULTY RES. SCH.MASTER STU.
Prof A.ProfJRF SRF 1st Year 2nd Year
Ontology Vocabulary
● Vocabulary ==> context-less list of terms, with no defined interrelationships.
● Ontology Vocabulary used to describe (a particular view of) some domain.
-how concepts should be classified.● Examples:-
1.Man
2.Vegetarian
3. Non-veg
SPARQL
● Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language● SPARQL is SQL-like language, but uses
RDF triples and resources for both matching part of the query and for returning results of the query.
● Since both RDFS and OWL are built on RDF, SPARQL can be used for querying ontologies and knowledge bases directly as well. Note that SPARQL is not only query language, it is also a protocol for accessing RDF data.
The Proof/Rule layer
● rule: informal notion● rules are used to perform inference
over ontologies● rules as a tool for capturing further
knowledge
(not expressible in OWL ontologies)
Rule Layer
● Natural form of expressing knowledge in some domain of interest are rules that reflect the notion of consequence.
● Rules come in the form of IF-THEN constructs and allow to express various kinds of complex statements.
● The IF part is also called the body of a rule, while the THEN part is also called its head.
Logic layer
● rules, have been formalised using logic to give them a precise semantics.
● Without such a precise formalisation they are vague and ambiguous, and thus problematic for computational purposes.
● The most prominent and fundamental logical formalism classically used for knowledge representation is the “first-order predicate calculus”, or first-order logic.
Cryptography layer
● Cryptography (Greek word: Kryptos, which means hidden secrets)
● It is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties.
● For reliable inputs, cryptography means are to be used, such as digital signatures for verification of the origin of the sources.
The Trust layer
● SW top layer: support for provenance/trust● Provenance: where does the information
come from?● how this information has been obtained?● can I trust this information?
Jerome DL
Motivation and Overview
Tanmay Mondal
Existing Semantic Digital Library Systems
BRICKS
Fedora
SIMILE
JeromeDL
BRICKS BRICKS
● Building Resources for Integrated Cultural Knowledge Services (BRICKS) is an open-source
● software framework for the managementof distributed digital assets.
The Fedora repository system is an open source, digital object repository system using public APIs exposed as web services.
Fedora
● SIMILE = Semantic Interoperability of Metadata In unLike Environments
● motivated by DSpace, repository for storing, indexing, preserving, and redistributing digital assets,
● jointly developed by Hewlett-Packard Research Labs and the MIT Libraries.
SIMILE
Joint effort of DERI, National University of
Ireland, Galway and Gdansk University of Technology (GUT).
Distributed under BSD Open Source license.
Digital library build on semantic web technologies to answer requirements from: librarians, scientists and communities.
JeromeDL
† JeromeDL has been installed in a number of locations ; the two most user are-
DERI Galway library
WBSS at Gdansk University of Technology
‡ serve their community of users in
everyday activities.
USERS
Services in JeromeDL
JeromeDL allows librarians to maintain and use the following controlled vocabularies:
authority files - with a list of authors, editors
and publishers;
Classification taxonomies- such as DMoz or DDC, for annotating resources with topics;
WordNet dictionary, for specifying keywords
Structure Ontology
Modern digital library systems not only store bibliographic metadata.
They also manage an electronic representation of the content itself.
The structure of the content might, however, depend on the type of the resource.
The key feature of every digital library system is-
making bibliographic resources accessible which involves-• domain (topic) categorization of a
resource from the WordNet dictionary.
Support for Legacy Information
Resource management
■ Each resource is described by the semantic descriptions according to the JeromeDL core ontology.
■ Additionally a fulltext index of the resource’s content and MARC21, and BibTEX bibliographic descriptions are provided
Retrieval features
JeromeDL provides searching and browsing features based on Semantic Web data
MultiBeeBrowse allows to browse unstructured metadata represented as an RDF graph.
It consist of access to resource, search services, filter service, similar service, related service, combination service ( conjunction, sum, difference,binding, on two given sets of results).
MultiBeeBrowse (MBB)
Communication link
►The content of the JeromeDL database can be searched not only through the web pages of the digital library
► But also from the other digital libraries another web applications
Social bookmarking
► Users can allow others to see their bookmarks and annotations and share their knowledge within a social network.
►JeromeDL can also treat a single library resource as a blog post.
►Users can comment the content of the resource and reply to others’ comments and this way create new knowledge.
Delicious is the leading bookmarking service to save, organize, and discover interesting links on the web.
Bottom layer provides a service for a flexible and extendable electronic representation of objects;
The middle layer offers information retrieval and identity management services.
Top layer in the semantic digital library stack utilizes benefits from engaging community of users into annotating and filtering resources
Architecture
Architecture (Bottom & Middle layer)
Dibakar Sen
Bottom layer● The bottom layer handle the physical representation of
resources, their structure and provenance.
● It provides a flexible and extendable electronic representation of objects with its structure ontology.
Structure ontology in JeromeDL
Bottom layer (contd.)
● For knowledge organisation Jerome DL provides
- authority files, with a list of authors, editors and publishers;
- classification taxonomies, such as DMoz or DDC, for annotating resources with topics;
- WordNet thesaurus, for specifying keywords (domain categorisation).
AUTHORITY FILE
CLASSIFIFCATION TAXONOMY
THESAURUS
MIDDLE LAYER
• Lifts up legacy bibliogrphic description to semantic level;
• A mediation standard like MarcOnt Ontology is used to dissolve the problem of heterogeneity of different standard (MARC 21, BibTex, Dublin Core).
Example of BibTex format
@article{ahu61,
author={Arrow, Kenneth J. and Leonid Hurwicz and Hirofumi Uzawa},
title={Constraint qualifications in maximization problems},
journal={Naval Research Logistics Quarterly},
volume={8},
year = 1961,
pages = {175-191}
}
Legacy format00688nam 22001817a
4500001000900000003000400009005001700013020002400030100005200054245008600106250001200192260005200204650004500256942001800301999001700319952008800336952008200424#92005291#XYZ#20140307062926.0# #a0152038655 #c$15.95#1 #aSandburg, Carl,#d1878-1967.#0(San Esteban)54449#1 #aArithmetic /#cCarl Sandburg ; illustrated as an anamorphic adventure by Ted Rand.# #a2nd ed.# #aSan Diego :#bHarcourt Brace Jovanovich,#cc1993.# 0#aArithmetic#xJuvenile poetry.#0(XYZ)86352# #2ddc#cAUDIO#n0# #c31980#d31998# #w2014-03-07#yAUDIO#r2014-03-07#40#00#936532#bWCCC#10#d2014-03-07#70#2lcc#g0.00#aWCCC# #w2014-03-07#70#yAUDIO#r2014-03-07#40#2lcc#00#936533#bWCCC#10#d2014-03-07#aWCCC##
XML Format<collection>
<record>
<controlfield tag="001"> 92005291 </controlfield>
<controlfield tag="003">DLC</controlfield>
<datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
<subfield code="a">0152038655 :</subfield>
<subfield code="c">$15.95</subfield>
<datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
<subfield code="a">Sandburg, Carl,</subfield>
<subfield code="d">1878-1967.</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0">
<subfield code="a">Arithmetic /</subfield>
<subfield code="c">Carl Sandburg ; illustrated as an anamorphic adventure by Ted Rand.</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
<subfield code="a">2nd ed.</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield tag="260" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
<subfield code="a">San Diego :</subfield>
<subfield code="b">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,</subfield>
<subfield code="c">c1993.</subfield>
</datafield>
<datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="0">
<subfield code="a">Arithmetic</subfield>
<subfield code="x">Juvenile poetry.</subfield>
</datafield>
Bibliographic (MarcOnt) Ontology in JeromeDL
Middle layer (contd.)● JeromeDL delivers RDF query service to
be able to act as a mash-up sevice.● Protocols like Z39.50, OAI-PMH are used
for the communication purpose.● Natural language querry
“show me ... written by ...”
Regular Expression● Tagstree map
EXAMPLE OF REGULAR EXPRESSION
TAGSTREE MAP
Top Layer (Social Services & Semantics in
Use)
Shiv Shakti Ghosh
Social Services in JeromeDL
• Involve users into sharing knowledge– Blogs – comments and discussions about
documents and resources
– Tagging – collaborative classification
– Wikis – collaboratively edited additional
descriptions, such as summaries and
interesting facts.
FOAF - Describing Social Networks• FOAF - Stands for Friend-of-a-Friend
• Defines properties for a person (but it does not have
to be a person, can be an “agent”)
• FOAFRealm
Evaluation of friendship between Person A & Person B
Identity management with FOAFRealm
Distance between owner and requester
Friendship level between owner and requester, calculated
across digraph of social network
• Support for single registration and sign on
• Distributed identity management with HyperCuP (“D-FOAF”)
• FOAFRealm is currently implemented as a plugin for Tomcat
(Realm/Valve implementation), with PHP and .NET versions
coming soon
Social Networks in Digital Libraries
Resource
xfoaf:Annotation
user_C
creator_B
foaf:knows
marcont:hasCreator
creator_A
foaf:knows
foaf:knows
xfoaf:Directory
user_D
xfoaf:owns
xfoaf:linksTo
xfoaf:isIn
JeromeDL – Delivering Semantic Content
• Providing semantic annotations during uploading process:
– open module for handling any taxonomies
– keywords based on WordNet and free tagging.
– defining structure of resources in the JeromeDL ontology
• Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering:• . Catalogs can include (transclusion) friend's catalogues• Access to catalogues can be restricted with social networking-
based polices• SSCF delivers:
– Community-oriented, semantically-rich taxonomies
– Information about a user's interest
– Flows of expertise from the domain expert
– Recommendations based on users previous actions
JeromeDL – Semantic Information In Use
• Searching:– Keyword-based search with semantic query expansion– Semantic search:
• Direct RDF quering• Natural language templates
• Browsing– Exibit
• Sharing:– Social Semantic Collaborative Filtering– Semantically Interlinked Online Communities
• Heterogeneous communication
Information Retrieval in JeromeDL
Fulltext Index
StructureRepository
MarcOntRepository
Resources’Content
FOAFRealmRepository
(typed)keywords
RDF & NLQuery
OpenSearchRSS
collaborativefiltering
localinterface
distributedinterface
types translation
semantic queryexpansion
RDF Repositories Secure Snapshot
Networks of Digital Libraries
• ELP (Extensible Library Protocol) implementation
– communication within JeromeDL network
– adapters for communication with other networks
• D-FOAF integration (distributed user profile
management)
– single sign on and single registration within D-FOAF
network
• HyperCuP integration (scalable P2P network)0 0
11
0
0
11
0
2 2
22
Semantic techniques in practice
Sandip Das
• Digital libraries identifier.• DOIs are a specific type of URI and similar to the
(ISBN)• DOIs can be used to retrieve metadata
Source : http://www.tomw.net.au/2003/domains.html
URI
UNICODE
The Unicode Standard was designed to be :UniversalEfficientUniformUnambiguous
The present version is Unicode 3.0 covers 49,194 characters of all the scripts in the world and many other symbols
Problems with Unicode :Operating systems
Source : http://michaelseiler.net/2013/08/05/unicode-characters-in-html/
XML
• visualize the information on the web
• it doesn't provide described information
• we can use our own tags
• To define a resource “book” titled “Prolegomena to Library Classification” authored by “S. R. Ranganathan”, can be represented in a XML document as
<book>
<title> Prolegomena to Library Classification</title>
<author>S. R. Ranganathan</author>
</book> Source : https://www.google.co.in/search?q=RDF+Storage+:+Jena&rlz=1C2SNJF_enIN574IN574&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=2nwcU-
RDF
• To represent the knowledge in a web page• To provide better search engine capabilities• In cataloging for describing the content• For describing IPR• For expressing the privacy preferences
RDF schema
• Describe RDF• Provides a data-modelling vocabulary for
RDF data• Describing groups of related resources.
RDF Storage : Sesame
• For querying and analyzing RDF data• Features :
Highly scalable RDF storageHigh query performance Support for several RDF query
languages
RDF Storage : Jena
• Jena provides persistent storage of RDF.
• The Jena layout enables faster insertion and retrieval for fine-grained API.
• Reduce storage
Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Designed to meet the needs of WWW
• It’s syntax is nearly identical to RDF’s.
• Three variations of OWLOWL LiteOWL DLOWL Full
• An ontology written in OWL DL could be extensively used in Digital Libraries.
Source : http://www.mycutegraphics.com/graphics/owl/polka-dot-owl-books.html
Tools for Building ontology
• The are many Ontology tools are available in the present times such as Protégé, OntoEdit, Ontolingua, OilEd, pOWL etc.
Source : http://www.riversmead.org.uk/your-home/shared-owners/repairs-and-maintenance/
Ontology editors : Protégé
• Protégé is a free open-source ontology editor.
• Created by Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research.
• Support creation, visualization• Export Ontology into different languages.
Source : http://protege.stanford.edu/download/protege/4.1/installanywhere/Web_Installers/
Semantic techniques in practice
Jayanta Kr
Nayek
Semantic Web Technologies
OWL
OWL DL
RDF
RDFs
RDFa
SKOS
SPARQL
Control Vocabularies
Application area of
SW Technolog
y
Semantic Annotatio
n
Content Manage
ment
CustomizationData
Integration
Domain modeling
Improved search
Portal
Benefits of SW technology
open mode
interoperability
data integration
share and re-use data
Multilinguality
service reuse
rapid response to
change
LIST OF CASE STUDIES
• Online resource for information on aquatic sciences/Spain July 2009.
• Enriching and sharing cultural heritage data in Europeana, June 2012.
• Use of SWT in Natural language interface to Business Applications, April2007.
• Publishing STW thesaurus for Economics as linked open data, Germany June 2009.
Case Study
Publishing STW Thesaurus for Economics as Linked Open Data in German National Library of Economics (ZBW), Germany.
by Timo Borst and Joachim Neubert
June 2009
Facets
•Activity area:• library, public institution and publishing
•Application area of SW technologies: • semantic annotation, improved search, content management, domain modeling, and data integration
•SW technologies used: • RDF, SPARQL, RDFa, and SKOS
•SW technology benefits: • open mode, rapid response to change, service reuse, and share and re-use data
Features of ZBW
• Provides a high-level taxonomy of subject categories.
• Thousands of keywords (“descriptors”) and tens of thousands of both synonyms and links between the thesaurus concepts.
• The media items are indexed with descriptors from this thesaurus. They can be retrieved by these descriptors through the library catalog ECONIS.
Challenges
• First, to improve web-based presentation of STW.
• Second, to foster precision of search results by actively suggesting preferred terms from STW.
• Third, to support the integration of STW into other indexing or retrieval environments.
• Fourth, to induce third-party reuse of the STW data, e.g. for customizing the vocabulary.
• Finally, to establish anchor points for linking to other vocabularies and datasets.
Solutions
• The “SKOS - Simple Knowledge Organization System” however, built within the Semantic Web community by vocabulary experts and targeting thesauri, classifications, folksonomies.
• Since SKOS is inherently multi-lingual, preferred and alternate labels (synonyms) in English could be attached to concepts as easily as their German equivalents. “Related”, “narrower” and “broader” relations.
• Mapped nicely to the according SKOS properties such as publisher, version and licensing information were added seamlessly through the use of other RDF vocabularies (e.g., Dublin Core).
Solutions (contd…)
• From the RDF file, they generated an XHTML page for each concept in the thesaurus and embedded all of the data into this page using RDFa.
• They assigned a persistent, language- and version-independent URI to each page.
• Thus, the set of pages forms a highly interlinked network of semantic relations, usable for both humans and machines.
• Web server content negotiation is used to deliver the format
• (RDF/XML or XHTML, English or German) most appropriate to the request.
Conclusion
Samhati Soor
LIMITATIONS OF SDL
VASTNESS
VAGUENESS
UNCERTAINTY
INCONSISTENCY
PROBLEMS DUE TO LIMITATION
Digital libraries should not be for librarians only, but for average people
Concentration on delivering
content/information, not on knowledge
sharing within a community of users
Digital libraries have lost human-part of
their predecessors
SOLUTION Making users/readers involved in the
content annotation process
Allowing users/readers to share their knowledge within a community
Providing better communication between users in and across communities
Achieved through SSDL (SOCIAL SEMANTIC DIGITAL LIBRARY)
SSDL The social semantic digital library is an attempt to
restore the collaborative approach to sharing knowledge.
The semantic services help
# to enhance search and browsing features
# to interconnect different systems and exchange data
The social services help
# to gather relevant information from expertise of others
# to improve high rank knowledge sharing in a digital
library
HEADING TOWARDS SSDL
LIBRARY
DIGITALLIBRARY
SEMANTICDIGITALLIBRARY
SOCIALSEMANTIC
DIGITAL LIBRARY
ORGANISED COLLECTION
ONLINE, EASY SEARCHING
WITH A FULL-TEXT SEARCH
ACCESSIBLE THROUGHSEMANTIC WEB
INVOLVED THE COMMUNITY
INTO SHARING KNOWLEDGE
HELPFULNESS
The social semantic digital library will help digital library
to build heterogeneous networks of Semantic Web. It may deliver more robust, user-friendly, adaptable
search and browsing interfaces empowered by
semantics.
RESOUCES AND METADATA
COMMUNITY DRIVEN ONTOLOGIES
ONTOLOGIZED METADATA
SSDL
SDL
DLRESOURCE
1RESORUCE
2RESOURCE
n
COMMUNITY ONTOLOGY
Social Semantic Digital Library Services in e-Learning
Introducing Personal Learning Environments (PLEs) Addressing some of the open research challenges
in Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) Enabling effective and reliable
mechanisms for managing various types of knowledge relevant for providing personalized learning experiences in online learning environments
Ability to preserve the semantics of this knowledge while sharing
Interaction with during the learning process
Social Semantic Digital Library Services in e-Learning
QUESTIONS ARISE…
Do the social and semantic services increase the quality of the answers provided by the users in response to given problems?
Do the social and semantic services increase the accuracy of the references provided by the users to answer given questions?
Do the social and semantic services increase overall satisfaction of using the digital library?
Which services, i.e., semantic, social, or recommendations,are found to be most useful by the end users?
FUTURE WORK Future research on semantic features should concentrate more on
improving accuracy of automated recommendations services and usability of existing solutions.
Our future work in the domain of semantic digital libraries, and JeromeDL in particular, will focus on adapting research on the semantic web, web 2.0 and adaptive hypermedia to our system;we work on delivering wiki-like and faceted navigation features for JeromeDL.
PERORATION...
Semantic Web digital library would contain features like
semantic blogs
semantic wikis
semantic search
social semantic digital libraries
semantic social networks
semantic social information spaces etc.
These will have
open access - open information - open source
(OPEN MANTRA)
PERORATION...
There are some other factors constraint the librarian to initiate and adopt the Social Semantic Web like:
Communication barriers
Absence of metadata representations
Absence of user-friendly applications
Limited available literature
But, librarians need to participate inontologies and social semantic-based conferences to explore the technology more andalso to give wider coverage to their skills and talent.
REFERENCESFinding the Concept, Not just the Word: A librarian’s guide to ontologies
and semantics. By- Brandy E. king and kathy Reinold
http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000204
http://drtc.isibang.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1849/72/I_unicode.pdf?sequence=2
http://books.google.co.in
http://www.ieee-tcdl.org/Bulletin/v6n1/Yang/yang.html
http://drtc.isibang.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1849/26/D_Semanticweb_sneha.pdf?sequence=2
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.105.9150&rep=rep1&type=pdf
http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/nkos/nkos2006/presentations/kruk.pdf
http://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/view/1101
http://www.contexta.cl/mediawiki/images/7/72/The_anatomy_of_a_Social_Semantic_Digital_Library.pdf
http://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10379/395/3debevcu_1.pdf?sequence=1
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/45458737_Semantic_Web_Technologies_for_Digital_Libraries_From_Libraries_to_Social_Semantic_Digital_Libraries_(SSDL)_Over_Semantic_Digital_Libraries_(SDL)
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-85434-0_10#page-1
http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/sweo/public/UseCases
http://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/
ACKNOWLEDGMENT