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Throughout the world and
throughout history, people have invented
secret languages and language games.
They have used these special languages
as a means of identifying with their
group, to prevent outsiders from knowing
what is being said, and/or for protection
or self-preservation.
Some examples of Secret Languages
A. Nushu
B. Hijra Farsi
-the Chinese women’s secret
language years ago
- originated in the third century as
a means for women to communicate with one
another in the sexually repressive societies of
imperial China
-exclusively created and used by
the women in Jiangyong Prefecture, Hunan
Province, China
A. Nushu
The songs or written Nushu speaks
about the pains and worries of women
like the sorrow of parting, when one
sworn sister is going to get married, or
songs about anti-Japanese because of
war at that time. The transmitters of
Nushu are from 20 to 70 years old.
-spoken and privately used by hijras
(hijra is a marginalized community that
lives in sequestered groups in many
cities of India and Pakistan)
-was created to serve as a survival
mechanism for Hijras during the British
Raj.
B. Hijra Farsi
Example:
“Kaɽe kaɽɑ ho”
- “Keep quiet” ; “shut up”
- used usually by some senior hijra for a junior one to stop them from doing anything wrong or revealing any of their secrets to the outsiders
- this imperative sentence also seems to have played its vital role of keeping Farsi hidden from the world
-they use many such sentences, sotto voce (Muhammad Sheeraz, 2011)
Here are some words from the Hijra lexicon
on footwear and garments:
Urdu, Punjabi and Siraiki languageshave no separate words to refer to theclothes of men and women but Farsidoes have firka and kotki. This seems tobe so because unlike the men andwomen of the area who wear only onetype of dress specifically designed forthem, male and female hijras wear bothtypes. So they are more in need ofseparate words for dresses than menand women. Then the word khalki usedfor shoes is masculine in Urdu butfeminine in Farsi.
C. Other Secret Languages
American slaves developed an
elaborate code that could not be
understood by the slave owners.
References to “the promised
land” or the “flight of the Israelites
from Egypt” sung in spirituals were
codes for the North and the
Underground Railroad.
codes or ciphers may be associatedwith cryptography, from the Greek‘kryptos’ or hidden, and ‘graphia’ orwriting. Cryptography is the study ofenciphering and encoding (on thesending end), and deciphering anddecoding (on the receiving end)
Code - when you substitute one word foranother word or sentence, like using aforeign language dictionary
Cipher- when you mix up or substituteexisting letters
“Meet me after school behind the gym.”
“DTTZ DT QYZTK LEIGGS WTIOFR ZIT UND.”
or
DTTZD TQYZT KLEIG GSWTI OFRZI TUNDM(an extra dummy character “M” is added in the 5-letter group)
M E E T M E
Tobeo rnott obeth atist heque stion
B E H I N D
Wheth ertis noble rinth emind tosuf
T H E G Y M
ferth eslin gsand arrow sofou trage
A F T E R
ousfo rtune ortot akear msaga
S C H O O L
insta seaof troub lesan dbyop posin gendt hem?
used for amusement by children and
adults
exist in all the world’s languages and
take a wide variety of forms
In some, a suffix is added to each word;
in others a syllable is inserted after each
vowel
there are rhyming games and games in
which phonemes are reversed; Example,
a game in Brazil substitutes an /i/ for all
the vowels
A. Pig Latin
- common language game of English;
but even Pig Latin has dialects, forms
of the “language game” with different
rules
a. Consider the following data from three
dialects of Pig Latin, each with its own rule
applied to words beginning with vowels:
State the rule that accounts for the Pig Latin
forms in each dialect.
How would you say honest, admire, and
illegal in each dialect?
Give the phonetic transcription of the Pig
Latin forms.
b. In one dialect of Pig Latin, the word strike is pronounced [arkstre], and in another dialect it is pronounced [traIkse]. In the first dialect slot is pronounced [atsle] and in the second dialect, it is pronounced [latse].
State the rules for each of these dialects that account for these different Pig Latin forms of the same words.
Give the phonetic transcriptions for spot, crisis, and scratch in both dialects.
B. Walbiri
- natives of central Australia
- play a language game in which the
meanings of words are distorted
- In this play language, all nouns,
verbs, pronouns, and adjectives are
replaced by semantically contrastive
words
Thus, the sentence :
Those men are small.
Actually means:
This woman is big.
These language games provide
evidence for the phonemes, words,
morphemes, semantic features, and so
on that is posited by linguists for
descriptive grammars. They also illustrate
the boundless creativity of human
language and human speakers.
Exercises for Language Game Rules
1. Identify the undistorted form of each
sentence;
*(Fromkin, et.al. , 2014)
2. A popular language game is to take a
word or (well-known) expression and
alter it by adding, subtracting, or
changing one letter, and supplying a
new (clever) definition. Read the
following examples, try to figure out the
expressions from which they are derived.
(Hint: Lots of Latin.)
Cogito eggo sum- I think, therefore I am a waffle.
Foreploy - A misrepresentation about yourself for the purpose of getting laid
Veni, vipi, vici - I came, I am important, I conquered.
Giraffiti - Dirty words sprayed very, very
high
Ignoranus - A person who is both stupid and an @$$*ol3
Rigor Morris - The cat is dead (maybe for older students)
Felix navidad Our cat has a boat.
Veni, vidi, vice I came, I saw, I sold my sister.
Glibido All talk, no action
Haste cuisine Fast French food
L’état, c’est moo I’m bossy around here.
Intaxication The euphoria that accompanies a tax refund
Ex post fucto Lost in the mail
Aporcalypse a disastrous shortage of bacon
C. Double –Dutch
Vowels are pronounced normally, but
consonants become syllables.
Example: Mumarugyub hutchadud
a lulituttutlulelulamumbub
D. Eggy-Peggy
This secret language is used mostly in
England. Add “egg” before each vowel.
E. Gree
Add “gree” to the end of every word.
Example: Marygree hadgree agree
littlegree lambgree.
F. Na
Add “na” to the end of every word.
Example: Maryna hadna ana littlena
lambna.
G. Skimono Jive
Add “sk” to the beginning of every word.
Example: Skmary skhad ska sklittle
sklamb.
H. Gay Lingo
Gay words cannot be considered part
of secret language. However, some
terms from gay lingo resembles similar
patterns with that of the rules indicated in
the language games. These are some
examples of gay lingo:
a. Adding an affix
sayt + -in + (sung)
> sinayt/sinaytsunng `tiningnan'
(looked)
tanders + -um + (ever)
> tumanders/tumandersever
`tumanda‘ (to grow old)
wit + chikels
> hindi (no)
b. Substitution of a different consonant
phoneme/s within a word : q, k, h > j
qinit = jinit
kili-kili = jili-jili
hirap = jirap
p, b > sh
maputik = mashutik
buhok = shuhok
1st Consonant and Vowel > ju, bo, sho, kiyo, nyo
anak junak
tae boe
takot bokot
tao bo-o
damot kiyomat
tanda shonda
asawa nyosawa
baduy (cheap) chipangga
ano (what) anik, anitch
Sources:
Denham, K. & Lobeck, A. (2010). Linguistics for everyone, an introduction (International Edition). USA: Rosenberg
Flores, K. (2011). Bekimon: A fresh take on pinoy gay lingo
Retrieved from: http://badingtionaryphoenix.blogspot.com/
Fromkin, V. et.al. (2014). An introduction to language (10th
Edition). USA: Michael Rosenberg.
Hipschman, R. (1995). The secret language: Cryptography.
Retrieved from: http://www.exploratorium.edu/ronh/secret/secret.html
Awan, MS & Sheeraz, M. (2011). Queer but language: A sociolinguistic study of Farsi. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol.1, No.10; August 2011.
Retrieved from: http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_10_August_2011/17.pdf
Orie, E. (2001). The world of Nushu. Japan: Bunjyo University.
Retrieved from: http://homepage3.nifty.com/nushu/
Secret Languages/ Mystery Messages (2013) by Pearson Education, Inc.
Retrieved from: http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0769354.html