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Unit 3 : Population Growth
Chong Boon Secondary SchoolHumanities Department (Geography Unit)Lower Secondary Geography (Sec Two)
Prepared by Mr Kelwin Koh
Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit you will be able to :
1. Calculate rate of natural increase2. Identify the causes, consequences
and responses for high rate of population increase.
3. Identify the causes, consequences and responses for low rate of population increase.
Rate of population growth
High in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) India, Indonesia, Brazil, etc.
Caused by high birth rates due to Early marriage Children seen as wealth High number of child deaths Lack of birth control knowledge Preference for a male child Religious beliefs
Early Marriage
As early as 15 years old.Women who marry young more likely to have more children.Longer potential fertility period
Children seen as wealth
Children viewed as assets.Free labour on farms.Tradition of filial piety.
Children will look after their parents
Bring in additional income
High number of child deaths
Lack of basic health care services.
Bad water and food hygiene.Easy spread of diseases.Children die easily of common ailments
Additional children seen as security / insurance.
Lack of birth control knowledge
People ignorant of birth control methods. Illiterate Not well-informed Lacking in available information
Birth Control might not be readily available
Preference for a male child
Asian (Patriarchal ) societies prefer male children.Carry on the family name Inherit the family business
People keep giving birth if they don’t have male offspring.
Religious beliefs
Some religions do not allow use of contraceptivesContravenes the religious beliefs
Catholics & Muslims
Consequence of High Population Growth
Humans require resources.Earth has finite resources.More humans means less resource for each person
Reduction in quality of life.
4 key consequences
1.Overcrowding2.Food shortage3.Pressure on social
services4.Social problems
Overcrowding
Congestion due to lack of space. Growth of slums (eg Sao Paulo,
Brazil) 1100 people living in a square
kilometre of landLarge population causes high
pressure on food production.Fields become over-cultivated as
farmers try to cope. Fields might end up destroyed
Shortage of food
Large population requires a lot of food.
Green revolution has helped but might not be always enough. Green revolution = use of technology to
increase food production Local food supply cannot meet
increasing demands. Young children might suffer from
malnutrition Prone to diseases and poor health.
Pressure of Social Services
Healthcare Lack of doctors, hospitals, clinics. Insufficient medical equipment and
medication Poor education services
Insufficient teachers, schools, books. Overcrowded public transport
systems Overloaded transport systems a hazard
Social Problems
Unemployment Result of rural urban migration
(unskilled labour in cities without jobs)
High crime rate Unemployed and unskilled turn to
crimeLack of basic hygiene
No proper sanitation Crowded living conditions ▪ Leads to spread of diseases
Methods to alleviate High Population Growth rate
1.Economic Development
2.Birth control and family planning
3.Increase literacy rate
Economic Development
Economic development tends to lower Birth Rates
Better standards of living reduces the desires for young couples to have children
Longer working hours and absence of need for children City living, no need for free labour on the
farm High costs of bringing up children in
cities
Birth Control and Family planning
State enforced birth control. China’s 1 child policy
State sponsored family planning. India’s birth control incentives Indonesia’s economic rewards for
small familiesNot always effective as other
factors come into play when couples plan for families.
Increase literacy rate
Education for women and children Educated women enters the labour force, reduces the potential child-bearing time
Educated children leads to faster development of society
High literacy rate facilitates family planning information dissemination
Low rate of Population Growth
Developed Countries (DCs) Faced with population growth that is slow, stagnant or even reducing
Countries with highly developed economies▪ Switzerland, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, Germany, etc.
The dilemma of a woman in a DC.
or
Population Pyramid
Dependants Population that is not working ▪ Not contributing economically to the country
0-14 years of age & above 60 years of age
Working population Population that is contributing to the
economy of the country 15-59 years of age
Growing Population
LDC Less developed
countryHigh BR
Birth rateHigh DR
Death ratePopulation
grows fast
Slow growth
DCLow BRLow DRPopulation grows slowly
Group work! 15 mins
In your groups, construct the population pyramids that you have been allocated in the data sheet that is given.
Draw it on the A3 Paper provided.At the bottom of the pyramid you have
created, write down whether it belongs to a DC or LDC and state 2 countries that you think will have such a pyramid.
8 key causes of Low Population Growth rate
1. Successful family planning programmes
2. Easily available birth control 3. Higher education level among
women4. Economic development5. Later marriages6. Preference for small families7. Choice to remain single8. High costs of living
Consequences
Ageing population More dependants (elderly) that the
working population need to support More resources need to be allocated to
cater for the needs of the elderly, less for other social needs
Large retired population will require large amount of financial aid
Smaller population size Lesser citizens for national defence
Initiatives to cope
Pro-birth policies Financial incentives for couples who
have children▪ Baby Bonus Scheme
Subsidies for childcare or domestic help▪ Government subsidised childcare facilities▪ Reduction in tax for employing domestic help
Pro-family work environment▪ Additional leave granted for childcare for
workforce with young children
Individual exercise
Complete the following exercise in the next 10 minutes
Turn to Pg27, read the information above and answer both questions in Activity 2 on the cards provided.
Let’s go!
q2
1. Successful family planning programmes. People follow the government’s advice and have smaller families. This causes low population growth.
2. Easily available birth control. People who want to avoid getting pregnant, they can easily buy birth control contraceptives.
