Kenneth Raff

Event Parameters

Non-programmable calculator One 8.5 x 11 inch sheet of paper

Notes can be in any form You can have notes on both sides of the

paper

The Competition

• Students should know the basic anatomy of the skeletal and muscular systems

• Students should know how aging affects these two systems

• Students should know specific diseases• The test may include various formats– Timed stations– Written tests– Slides

Skeletal System

Students should know the major bones of the axial skeleton

Axial Skeletal

Skeletal System

Students should know the major bones of the appendicular skeleton Femur Tibia Fibula Scapula Humerus Radius

• Appendicular Skeleton

Structure of Bone

• Students should know the structure of a long bone– Diaphysis– Epiphysis– Compact bone– Spongy bone– Yellow marrow– Red marrow– Havercian canals

• Structure of Long Bones

Structure of Bones

Joints

There are five types of joints

Ball and Socket Has the greatest

range of motion Found in the

shoulder and hip girdles

Joints

Hinge joint Allows for forward

and backward motion

Found in the knee and elbow

Joints

Pivot joint Allows for one bone

to rotate around another bone

Found in the elbow and fingers

Joints

Gliding joint Allows bones to

move over bones Found in wrists and

ankles

Joints

Fixed or Immovable joint Allows for little to

no movement Found in the

sutures of the skull and where the ribs attach to the sternum

Diseases of the Skeletal System Bone diseases

Osteomalacia involves softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of vitamin D or problems with the metabolism of this vitamin.

Rickets is an abnormal bone formation in children resulting from inadequate calcium in their bones.

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone in which the amount of bone is decreased and the strength of trabecular bone is reduced, cortical bone becomes thin and bones are susceptible to fracture.

Diseases of the Skeletal System Joint diseases

Arthritis is a generic term for inflammatory joint disease. Regardless of the cause, inflammation of the joints may cause pain, stiffness, swelling, and some redness of the skin about the joint.

Osteoarthrosis is a disorder of the joints characterized by progressive deterioration of the articular cartilage

Rheumatoid Arthritis a chronic, frequently progressive disease in which inflammatory changes occur throughout the connective tissues of the body.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Rickets

Types of Vertebrae

Skeletal System

Provides an anchor for muscles Provides the lever system which

allows us to move Provides support Stores excess minerals Protects vital internal organs

Muscular System

Aids in movement Work in opposing pairs Three types of muscle tissue

Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Striated or skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in the heart

Is composed of both striated and smooth muscle

Is involuntary http://www.cellsali

ve.com/myocyte.htm

Smooth Muscle

Lines organs such as the stomach, intestines and esophagus

Is involuntary Has many nuclei No striatations

Striated muscles

One nucleus Has striations Called skeletal

muscle Attached to bones Under voluntary

control Can get tired

Organization of Striated Muscle

Structure of Striated Muscles Skeletal muscle is made up of thousands of

cylindrical muscle fibers often running all the way from origin to insertion. The fibers are bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves.

Each muscle fibers contains an array of myofibrils that are stacked lengthwise and run the entire length of the fiber

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Many nuclei

Structure of Striated Muscles Because a muscle fiber is not a

single cell, its parts are often given special names such as Sarcolemma for plasma membrane sarcoplasmic reticulum for endoplasmic

reticulum sarcosomes for mitochondria sarcoplasm for cytoplasm

Structure of a Striated Muscle The striated appearance of the

muscle fiber is created by a pattern of alternating dark A bands and light I bands. The A bands are bisected by the H

zone running through the center of which is the M line.

The I bands are bisected by the Z disk.

Structure of Striated Muscles Each myofibril is made up of arrays

of parallel filaments. The thick filaments have a diameter

of about 15 nm. They are composed of the protein myosin.

The thin filaments have a diameter of about 5 nm. They are composed chiefly of the protein actin

Structure of Striated Muscle The anatomy of a sarcomere

The entire array of thick and thin filaments between the Z disks is called a sarcomere.

The thick filaments produce the dark A band. The thin filaments extend in each direction

from the Z disk. Where they do not overlap the thick

filaments, they create the light I band. The H zone is that portion of the A band

where the thick and thin filaments do not overlap.

The M line runs through the exact center of the sarcomere.

Picture of a Sarcomere

Websites for Muscle Contractions http://www.brookscole.com/chemistr

y_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/muscles/muscles.html

http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp47/4702001.html