05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 1

Cognition-as-a-Service (CaaS):

A Service Science Perspective

Jim Spohrer (IBM)Tokyo, Japan; November 6, 2016

Science Agorahttp://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/science-agora-20161106-v2

05/02/2023 © IBM 2015, IBM Upward University Programs Worldwide accelerating regional development

2

Physics Chemistry Biology

Neuroscience Psychology ArtificialIntelligence

Engineering Management PublicPolicy

Education Design Humanities

Natural Systems

Cognitive Systems

Service Systems

05/02/2023 © IBM 2015, IBM Upward University Programs Worldwide accelerating regional development

3

Brief History of AI

• 1956 – Dartmouth Conference• 1956 – 1981 Micro-Worlds• 1981 – Japanese 5th Generation• 1988 – Expert Systems Peak• 1990 – AI Winter• 1997 – Deep Blue• 1997 – 2011 Real-World• 2011 – Jeopardy! & SIRI• 2013 – Cognitive Systems Institute• 2014 – Watson Business Unit &• True North Brain Chip• 2015 – “Cognition as a Service”

on IBM Bluemix

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 4

Intelligence Building Blocks

• Augmented• Science (Brains)• Design (People)• Business (Value)• Societal (Impact)• Interdisciplinary

• Artificial• Learning• Perception• Reasoning• Interaction• Knowledge

05/02/2023 5

1955 1975 1995 2015 2035 2055

Can better cognition-as-a-service help us be wiser?

Cognitive Mediator (2035): Tool, Assistant, Collaborator, Coach, Mediator

05/02/2023 6

Courses• 2015

• “How to build a cognitive system for Q&A task.”• 9 months to 40% question answering accuracy• 1-2 years for 90% accuracy, which questions to reject

• 2025• “How to use a cognitive system to be a better professional X.”• Tools to build a student level Q&A from textbook in 1 week

• 2035• “How to use your cognitive mediator to build a startup.”• Tools to build faculty level Q&A for textbook in one day• Cognitive mediator knows a person better than they know themselves

• 2055• “How to manage your workforce of digital workers.”• Most people have 100 digital workers.

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 7

Reality 2.0 Service Platform: Smart to Wise?

Service Platform

CM2

P2

CM1

P1

100x

100x 100x

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 8

Thomas Friedman• “We are now standing at

an ethical intersection we have never stood at before as a species,” Friedman explained as he started to wind down his talk. “At the end of World War II, one country could kill all of us. Now, one person can kill all of us.”

05/02/2023 © IBM 2015, IBM Upward University Programs Worldwide accelerating regional development

9

In Summary

“A service scienceperspective considersthe evolving ecology of service system entities, their value co-creation andcapability co-elevationinteractions, and their capabilities, constraints,rights, and responsibilities.”

Cognitive SystemsEntities

Service SystemsEntities With

CognitiveMediators

Add Rights &Responsibilities

05/02/2023 10

Jim Spohrer (IBM)Seoul, South Korea; October 13, 2016

Consulting Conferencehttp://www.slideshare.net/spohrer/korea-day1-keynote-20161013-v6

Come visit IBM Research – Almaden in San Jose, CA USA – monthly

university day!

“The best way to predict the future is to inspire the next generation of students to build it better”

Digital Natives Transportation Water Manufacturing

Energy Construction ICT Retail

Finance Healthcare Education Government

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 12

Moshe Vardi (Rice)

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 13

Alexander Braun (CC)

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 14

Alexander Braun (CC)

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 15

Progression: Types and Models

Models (columns)Types (rows)

Task & World Model/Planning & Decisions

Self Model/Capacity & Limits

User Model/Episodic Memory

Institutions Model/Trust & Social Acts

Tool + - - -

Assistant ++ + - -

Collaborator +++ ++ + -

Coach ++++ +++ ++ +

Mediator +++++ ++++ +++ ++

tool

assistant

collaborator

coach

mediator

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 16

Build: 10 million minutes of experience

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 17

Build: 2 million minutes of experience

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 18

Value Migration: Hardware < Software < Data < Experience < Transformation

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 19

Definitions: Types of Cognitive System Entities(symbol and pattern processing systems)• Socio-Technical (Organization-based)

• Businesses• Cities• Nations

• Biological (Brain-based)• People• Animals

• Technological (Computation-based)• Embodied (Robot, Car, Device)• Virtual (Local, Cloud)

MachineLearning

NaturalLanguageProcessing

HighPerformanceComputing

KnowledgeRepresentationand Reasoning

QuestionAnswering

UnstructuredInformation

05/02/2023 Understanding Cognitive Systems 21

05/02/2023 22

Today’s Talk• Tech Topics • Perspectives• Opportunities• Challenges

© IBM UPWard 2016