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www.le.ac.uk/isciencewww.le.ac.uk/iscience
Scaffolding Problem Based Learning (PBL) with Module Length ProblemsProf Derek Raine and Dr Sarah GrettonCentre for Interdisciplinary ScienceUniversity of Leicester, U.K.
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
Interdisciplinary Science Programme:• Interdisciplinary Science programme started in 2004- response to
IOP enquiry
• 3 year undergraduate programme (BSc)
• Natural Sciences content (biology, chemistry, physics and earth sciences)
• Innovative in two respects:– Modules are interdisciplinary in nature– e.g. Astrobiology, Forensic Science, Biophysics– Core subject content taught entirely by PBL– each module is based around a problem e.g. “What limits the
speed at which a human can run?”
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
Year 1 Prophets and Powers
The Origins ofScience
Science of the Invisible
Atoms, Molecules and Cells
Ecology
Braining IT
Neurons and Computation
Near Space
Earth and Sun
Year 2 Time and EnergyDynamics andThermo-dynamics
Molecules by Design
Organic Chemistry
CSI Leicester
Forensic Science
Man and Machines
Biophysics & Physiology
Habitable Worlds
The Universe and Life
Year 3 Nanoscience
Materials and Organelles
Evolution
Communication ScienceElectro-magnetic and chemical signalling
Earth through Time
Climate
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
Problem Based Learning
• PBL is – ‘a student-centred method of teaching in which
students learn by investigating real-world problems and, working in groups, seek out the tools necessary to solve them’
• “Pure” versus “Scaffolded” (supported) PBL
Raine D. and Symons S. (2012) Problem-based learning: undergraduate physics by research, Contemporary Physics, 53(1), pp39–51
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Delivery • Structure:
– 5 week sequential modules – Facilitated workshop sessions– Informal lectures– Independent research
• Assessment via coursework ( 65%, group work and individual) examination (35% individual)
• Support modules (Skills, Maths, Computing) and additional laboratory programme
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Our Challenges with PBL delivery: • satisfaction with first “googled” search term
• lack of research in between sessions
• inappropriate division of learning within groups
• Resulting in :– Lack of engagement – Surface learning (lack of detailed subject knowledge)– Lack of coverage of all the curriculum– poor exam results
• Documented by others ( Wiznia et al. 2012)
Wiznia, D., Korom, R., Marzuf, P., Safdieh J., and Grafstein, B., (2012) PBL.2.0: enhancing problem-based learning through increased student participation; Med Educ Online 2012, 17:17375
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
Interventions• Pre-session preparation:
– Recommended textbooks and reading topics– Suggested questions to guide workshop
preparation and discussion– Increased detail in intended learning outcomes
• Tutorial session dedicated to feedback on weekly question sets
• Workshop sessions facilitated by subject based teaching fellows (one per subject)
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
www.le.ac.uk/iscience
Data
• Students who entered the programme in 2009/10 experienced less scaffolded PBL in year 1 and interventions in year 2 (and beyond)
• Small cohort (13 students)
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Changes in Core Module Marks
• Average core (not support) module marks from available from 5 student cohorts prior to introduction of scaffolding
• Plot average module marks in years 1 against 2 for these cohorts we can predict expected year 2 marks based year 1 marks30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Year 1 vs Year 2 Marks
Year 1 marks (%)
Year 2 marks (%)
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Quantitative data from students suggests changes were effective • 2009/10 intake
experienced introduction of scaffolding at start of year two
• “Actual” marks are those from 2009/10 students in year 2 (when changes had been introduced).
• Statistically significant (2) increase in year 2 marks compared to year 1 for the target cohort relative to previous years
30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 7030
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
actual marks
Year 1 marks (%)
Year 2 marks (%)
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Qualitative data:
• Which of the changes were significant in this change?
• Majority of cohort took part in semi-structured focus group discussing their views on the interventions
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Student focus groups indicated:
• On the introduction of pre-session preparation:– often deviated from the suggested reading and recognised
that material is available from a wide range of sources– source their own reading materials based on similar titles – found the suggested discussion questions useful for
focussing their reading– made use of the ‘Intended Learning Outcomes’ as a
revision checklist.
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Student focus groups indicated: • On the introduction of feedback sessions for weekly question
sets :– The students were happy with the tutorial sessions found
useful for revision purposes – Some students would like all questions to be covered not
just the “major difficulties”– Other students would like to see these sessions become
optional for students who score above a certain mark.
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Student focus groups indicated: • On the use of teaching fellows:
– All students agreed this was a positive change – Liked having one teaching fellow per subject - know who
to approach if they need to– Felt more supported in the PBL process
“There's been a change since the first year where the PhD students that were there were just there to make sure we'd do the work rather than assisting and facilitating, whereas now they [teaching fellows] will prompt you towards an answer if you're not quite getting it.”
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Conclusions• Limitations:
– Small cohort– Research bias
• Quantitative data suggests changes were effective - appears to benefit those with either strong or weak first year averages most.
• Generally positive about the changes introduced- particularly used discussion questions and intended learning outcomes and liked the introduction of subject based teaching fellows
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Final thoughts• How much well trained are PBL facilitators in tertiary education?
• Our findings correspond with Gibbs (2011) in studies on effect of extensive use of graduate students and ancillary casual engagement in the U.S.
• PBL doesn’t work for all undergraduates - – not all students engage– in particular for students who maximise their social activities
during term and their studies during vacations (Edmonds et, 2009).
Gibbs G (2011) Dimensions of Quality, HEA publicationEdmonds (2009) Review of the Student Learning Experience in Physics, 2008, HEA Physical Sciences Subject Centre
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Acknowledgements:
email: [email protected]
• Students and colleagues at the Centre for Interdisciplinary Science
• Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE)
• Institute of Physics• HE STEM