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Monitoring the Tiger Issues in

INDIA by

Green Yatra

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Source: Stern Review


Charismatic Large Carnivore at the Apex ofthe Food Chain

Acts as an umbrella species for conservingthe biodiversity of forested ecosystems

Importance of Tiger Conservation



Questions Relevant for Tiger Conservation

1. State of tiger habitat?2. Population Trend of Tigers?3. Areas where Tigers are decreasing & why ?4. What is the status of tiger’s wild prey?5. Where are the Source Populations (breeding

units) ?6. Spacing & connectivity of Populations?7. How many tigers ?




Current Methodology: The Pugmark Census

1. Followed since 1970, All India Census every 4 years, PT Areas every year.

2. Obtain Pugmark Tracings, Plaster Casts and Gait measurements

3. Ancillary information on location, date, and substrate

4. Identify individual tigers on the above information5. Continuously monitor individual tigers over time6. Arrive at a total count in an area




Critique of the Pugmark Census Method

1. Attempts total count of Tigers.2. Based on Enumerators Subjective Ability to

Identify3. Individual Tigers from Pugmarks.4. Variation in Pugmarks with substratum, gait, and5. observers recording skills.6. Not possible to obtain Pugmarks from all Tiger7. Occupied Landscapes.




Reliability of Subjective Identification of Pugmarks to Individual Tigers

Discriminant Function Analysis for Pugmarksof 18 Different Tigers1. Area of Toe 32. Length Toe 33. Pug width4. Distance for T2 to T35. Angle between T2 & T36. Distance between N1 & N27. Length T28. Heel to toe length9. Distance of pad to toe base10. Stride11. Straddle

Removing Subjectivity




Addressing Possible Sources of Variation

Stage I - Systematic Distribution of Sampling Units Throughout

Tiger Landscapes for Spatial Occupancy Monitoring as opposedto Total Count.Beat level (10-15 km2) spatial resolution of : Tigers & Other Carnivore (sign indices) Ungulates (encounter rates & dung / pellet densities) Habitat Details & Human Disturbance Capacity building & Training of Forest StaffSimple yet Scientifically Robust Methodology Across

Landscapes.Appropriate Audit Mechanism by External, National &

InternationalExperts.




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About Green Yatra

Green Yatra is a non-profit; Non-Government Organization dedicated to the protection and

conservation of our Mother Earth and its Environment. We strive to maintain the integrity of the ecosystems for the benefit of all living creatures by

introducing and adopting a simple, Eco friendly, Green Lifestyle, Ideas to our day to day lives.

Green Yatra was started and run by a bunch folk who share a strong love and passion for protecting and respecting our only source of life Mother Nature and who think a lot and believe to do same as much as they can .First and

foremost, We believe in ACTION.. Sitting idle, complaining and blaming the system, societies or commenting on internet forums are THINGS WE DON'T

DO. We believe in working logically, strategically and practically, with Prevention and Solution oriented approaches to our goal of nature

conservation. The impact of Go Green Ganesha is a token of our dedication and effort. So, we are working hard in bringing out the VALUE of our nature,

hoping for your complete support! Our sole objective is to pass on a habitable green and pollution-free beautiful

earth to the upcoming generations.

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