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Dezyne E'cole College Information Technology Student Work
Citation preview
Submitted By
Sangeeta Singh
Bachelor of Computer Application
Electronic
Commerce
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Dezyne Ersquocole College to help in making this project on E-Commerce A special thanks to Ms Jyoti Phulwani to guide us step by step in the making of this project report Thanking you
Sangeeta Singh
Bachelor of Computer Applications
III Year
CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Chapter 2 Electronic Commerce and the World Wide Web
3 Chapter 3 Architectural Framework for Electronic Commerce
4 Chapter 4 Technology Behind the Web
5 Chapter 5 Network Security and Firewalls
6 Chapter6 Electronic Commerce Companies
7 Chapter 7 Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
8 Chapter 8 Conclusion
Chapter1
Introduction
Every individual of company that wants to make money and become the next Microsoft needs
to understand the market potential business implication and technological foundations of
electronic commerce But what is electronic commerce everybody is talking about How does it
affect the organization way of doing business What sort of technical and business skills are
needed to be successful
Companies and consumers are discovering that global networking and other technological
innovations are powerful assets if used as competitive weapons in their day to day activities E-
commerce is associated with the buying and selling of information products and services via
computer network today
Consumer desires are very hard to predict pin point or decipher in electronic markets whose
shape structure and population are still in early stages Needs envisioned include entertainment
on demand including 500 channel TV video on demand games on demand electronic retailing
via catalogues and Kiosks and home shopping networks
In future viewers will decide what they want to see and when they want to participate and successful market places are expected to those that cater to consumerrsquos loneliness boredom education and career In highly competitive society where neighbours seldom talk to one another these outlets give consumer someone to talk after going home Letrsquos take a look at the changing conditions in the ldquonew economyrdquo with respect to the retail industry Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall demanding lower prices better quality and a large section of in-season goods Retailers are scrambling to fill the order They are slashing back-office cost reducing profit-margins reducing cycle times buying more wisely and making huge investment in technology They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouses costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply pattern In the push to reduce prices more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers in part because of cheaper labour costs Retail are the immediate line of fire and had to do the cost cutting They put the pressure on the manufacturer and then to the supplier end of the pipeline Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing relationship marketing and even event marketing Adaptation would include moving towards computerised ldquopaperlessrdquo operations to reduce trading costs and facilitate the adoption of new business process Japanese approach JIT (Just in Time) system total quality control and quality circles are focused now for delivery of goods through electronic commerce
Chapter2
Electronic commerce and the World Wide Web
We have broadly defined electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address
the desire of firms consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods
amp inversing the speed of services The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand
within business government to make bustles use of computing that is better apply computer
technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise
and across organizations In short electronic commerce appears to be an integration force that
representing the digital converge of twenty- first century business application and computing
technologies
Electronic commerce application emphasis the generation and exploitation of new business
opportunity and to use the popular buzzwordrdquo generate business valuerdquo For instance when
buyer-seller transaction occur in the electronic market place information is access observe
arrange and sold in different ways in fact the information about a product of service is separated
from the physical product or services and has become important on it ownin some case the
information can become as crucial as his actual product of services In term of its effects on a
companyrsquos in short information ways business transaction are creating new ways of doing
business and even new type of business
Electronic commerce application are quite varied In its most common from E-commerce is also
used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (e-
mail) electronic bulletin boards electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies
These technologies are normally applied in high-payoff areas recognizing that paper handling
activities usually increases expenses without adding valve On the other hand the electronic
commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional functions such as
payments and funds transfer order entry and processing invoicing inventory management
cargo tracking electronic catalogues and point- of-sale data gathering more recently
companies have realized that the advertising marketing and customer support functions are
also part of electronic commerce application domain The business function act as initiators to
the entire order management cycle that incorporates the more established notions of electronic
commerce as an umbrella concept to integration a wide range of new and old applications
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Dezyne Ersquocole College to help in making this project on E-Commerce A special thanks to Ms Jyoti Phulwani to guide us step by step in the making of this project report Thanking you
Sangeeta Singh
Bachelor of Computer Applications
III Year
CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Chapter 2 Electronic Commerce and the World Wide Web
3 Chapter 3 Architectural Framework for Electronic Commerce
4 Chapter 4 Technology Behind the Web
5 Chapter 5 Network Security and Firewalls
6 Chapter6 Electronic Commerce Companies
7 Chapter 7 Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
8 Chapter 8 Conclusion
Chapter1
Introduction
Every individual of company that wants to make money and become the next Microsoft needs
to understand the market potential business implication and technological foundations of
electronic commerce But what is electronic commerce everybody is talking about How does it
affect the organization way of doing business What sort of technical and business skills are
needed to be successful
Companies and consumers are discovering that global networking and other technological
innovations are powerful assets if used as competitive weapons in their day to day activities E-
commerce is associated with the buying and selling of information products and services via
computer network today
Consumer desires are very hard to predict pin point or decipher in electronic markets whose
shape structure and population are still in early stages Needs envisioned include entertainment
on demand including 500 channel TV video on demand games on demand electronic retailing
via catalogues and Kiosks and home shopping networks
In future viewers will decide what they want to see and when they want to participate and successful market places are expected to those that cater to consumerrsquos loneliness boredom education and career In highly competitive society where neighbours seldom talk to one another these outlets give consumer someone to talk after going home Letrsquos take a look at the changing conditions in the ldquonew economyrdquo with respect to the retail industry Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall demanding lower prices better quality and a large section of in-season goods Retailers are scrambling to fill the order They are slashing back-office cost reducing profit-margins reducing cycle times buying more wisely and making huge investment in technology They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouses costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply pattern In the push to reduce prices more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers in part because of cheaper labour costs Retail are the immediate line of fire and had to do the cost cutting They put the pressure on the manufacturer and then to the supplier end of the pipeline Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing relationship marketing and even event marketing Adaptation would include moving towards computerised ldquopaperlessrdquo operations to reduce trading costs and facilitate the adoption of new business process Japanese approach JIT (Just in Time) system total quality control and quality circles are focused now for delivery of goods through electronic commerce
Chapter2
Electronic commerce and the World Wide Web
We have broadly defined electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address
the desire of firms consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods
amp inversing the speed of services The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand
within business government to make bustles use of computing that is better apply computer
technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise
and across organizations In short electronic commerce appears to be an integration force that
representing the digital converge of twenty- first century business application and computing
technologies
Electronic commerce application emphasis the generation and exploitation of new business
opportunity and to use the popular buzzwordrdquo generate business valuerdquo For instance when
buyer-seller transaction occur in the electronic market place information is access observe
arrange and sold in different ways in fact the information about a product of service is separated
from the physical product or services and has become important on it ownin some case the
information can become as crucial as his actual product of services In term of its effects on a
companyrsquos in short information ways business transaction are creating new ways of doing
business and even new type of business
Electronic commerce application are quite varied In its most common from E-commerce is also
used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (e-
mail) electronic bulletin boards electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies
These technologies are normally applied in high-payoff areas recognizing that paper handling
activities usually increases expenses without adding valve On the other hand the electronic
commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional functions such as
payments and funds transfer order entry and processing invoicing inventory management
cargo tracking electronic catalogues and point- of-sale data gathering more recently
companies have realized that the advertising marketing and customer support functions are
also part of electronic commerce application domain The business function act as initiators to
the entire order management cycle that incorporates the more established notions of electronic
commerce as an umbrella concept to integration a wide range of new and old applications
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
CONTENTS
1 Chapter 1 Introduction
2 Chapter 2 Electronic Commerce and the World Wide Web
3 Chapter 3 Architectural Framework for Electronic Commerce
4 Chapter 4 Technology Behind the Web
5 Chapter 5 Network Security and Firewalls
6 Chapter6 Electronic Commerce Companies
7 Chapter 7 Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
8 Chapter 8 Conclusion
Chapter1
Introduction
Every individual of company that wants to make money and become the next Microsoft needs
to understand the market potential business implication and technological foundations of
electronic commerce But what is electronic commerce everybody is talking about How does it
affect the organization way of doing business What sort of technical and business skills are
needed to be successful
Companies and consumers are discovering that global networking and other technological
innovations are powerful assets if used as competitive weapons in their day to day activities E-
commerce is associated with the buying and selling of information products and services via
computer network today
Consumer desires are very hard to predict pin point or decipher in electronic markets whose
shape structure and population are still in early stages Needs envisioned include entertainment
on demand including 500 channel TV video on demand games on demand electronic retailing
via catalogues and Kiosks and home shopping networks
In future viewers will decide what they want to see and when they want to participate and successful market places are expected to those that cater to consumerrsquos loneliness boredom education and career In highly competitive society where neighbours seldom talk to one another these outlets give consumer someone to talk after going home Letrsquos take a look at the changing conditions in the ldquonew economyrdquo with respect to the retail industry Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall demanding lower prices better quality and a large section of in-season goods Retailers are scrambling to fill the order They are slashing back-office cost reducing profit-margins reducing cycle times buying more wisely and making huge investment in technology They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouses costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply pattern In the push to reduce prices more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers in part because of cheaper labour costs Retail are the immediate line of fire and had to do the cost cutting They put the pressure on the manufacturer and then to the supplier end of the pipeline Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing relationship marketing and even event marketing Adaptation would include moving towards computerised ldquopaperlessrdquo operations to reduce trading costs and facilitate the adoption of new business process Japanese approach JIT (Just in Time) system total quality control and quality circles are focused now for delivery of goods through electronic commerce
Chapter2
Electronic commerce and the World Wide Web
We have broadly defined electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address
the desire of firms consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods
amp inversing the speed of services The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand
within business government to make bustles use of computing that is better apply computer
technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise
and across organizations In short electronic commerce appears to be an integration force that
representing the digital converge of twenty- first century business application and computing
technologies
Electronic commerce application emphasis the generation and exploitation of new business
opportunity and to use the popular buzzwordrdquo generate business valuerdquo For instance when
buyer-seller transaction occur in the electronic market place information is access observe
arrange and sold in different ways in fact the information about a product of service is separated
from the physical product or services and has become important on it ownin some case the
information can become as crucial as his actual product of services In term of its effects on a
companyrsquos in short information ways business transaction are creating new ways of doing
business and even new type of business
Electronic commerce application are quite varied In its most common from E-commerce is also
used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (e-
mail) electronic bulletin boards electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies
These technologies are normally applied in high-payoff areas recognizing that paper handling
activities usually increases expenses without adding valve On the other hand the electronic
commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional functions such as
payments and funds transfer order entry and processing invoicing inventory management
cargo tracking electronic catalogues and point- of-sale data gathering more recently
companies have realized that the advertising marketing and customer support functions are
also part of electronic commerce application domain The business function act as initiators to
the entire order management cycle that incorporates the more established notions of electronic
commerce as an umbrella concept to integration a wide range of new and old applications
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter1
Introduction
Every individual of company that wants to make money and become the next Microsoft needs
to understand the market potential business implication and technological foundations of
electronic commerce But what is electronic commerce everybody is talking about How does it
affect the organization way of doing business What sort of technical and business skills are
needed to be successful
Companies and consumers are discovering that global networking and other technological
innovations are powerful assets if used as competitive weapons in their day to day activities E-
commerce is associated with the buying and selling of information products and services via
computer network today
Consumer desires are very hard to predict pin point or decipher in electronic markets whose
shape structure and population are still in early stages Needs envisioned include entertainment
on demand including 500 channel TV video on demand games on demand electronic retailing
via catalogues and Kiosks and home shopping networks
In future viewers will decide what they want to see and when they want to participate and successful market places are expected to those that cater to consumerrsquos loneliness boredom education and career In highly competitive society where neighbours seldom talk to one another these outlets give consumer someone to talk after going home Letrsquos take a look at the changing conditions in the ldquonew economyrdquo with respect to the retail industry Consumers are pushing retailers to the wall demanding lower prices better quality and a large section of in-season goods Retailers are scrambling to fill the order They are slashing back-office cost reducing profit-margins reducing cycle times buying more wisely and making huge investment in technology They are revamping distribution channels to make sure that warehouses costs are down by reducing their average inventory levels and coordinating the consumer demand and supply pattern In the push to reduce prices more and more retailers are turning to overseas suppliers in part because of cheaper labour costs Retail are the immediate line of fire and had to do the cost cutting They put the pressure on the manufacturer and then to the supplier end of the pipeline Electronic commerce is forcing companies to rethink the existing ways of doing target marketing relationship marketing and even event marketing Adaptation would include moving towards computerised ldquopaperlessrdquo operations to reduce trading costs and facilitate the adoption of new business process Japanese approach JIT (Just in Time) system total quality control and quality circles are focused now for delivery of goods through electronic commerce
Chapter2
Electronic commerce and the World Wide Web
We have broadly defined electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address
the desire of firms consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods
amp inversing the speed of services The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand
within business government to make bustles use of computing that is better apply computer
technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise
and across organizations In short electronic commerce appears to be an integration force that
representing the digital converge of twenty- first century business application and computing
technologies
Electronic commerce application emphasis the generation and exploitation of new business
opportunity and to use the popular buzzwordrdquo generate business valuerdquo For instance when
buyer-seller transaction occur in the electronic market place information is access observe
arrange and sold in different ways in fact the information about a product of service is separated
from the physical product or services and has become important on it ownin some case the
information can become as crucial as his actual product of services In term of its effects on a
companyrsquos in short information ways business transaction are creating new ways of doing
business and even new type of business
Electronic commerce application are quite varied In its most common from E-commerce is also
used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (e-
mail) electronic bulletin boards electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies
These technologies are normally applied in high-payoff areas recognizing that paper handling
activities usually increases expenses without adding valve On the other hand the electronic
commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional functions such as
payments and funds transfer order entry and processing invoicing inventory management
cargo tracking electronic catalogues and point- of-sale data gathering more recently
companies have realized that the advertising marketing and customer support functions are
also part of electronic commerce application domain The business function act as initiators to
the entire order management cycle that incorporates the more established notions of electronic
commerce as an umbrella concept to integration a wide range of new and old applications
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter2
Electronic commerce and the World Wide Web
We have broadly defined electronic commerce as a modem business methodology that address
the desire of firms consumers and management to cut costs while improving the quality of goods
amp inversing the speed of services The need for electronic commerce stems from the demand
within business government to make bustles use of computing that is better apply computer
technology to improve business process and information exchange both within an enterprise
and across organizations In short electronic commerce appears to be an integration force that
representing the digital converge of twenty- first century business application and computing
technologies
Electronic commerce application emphasis the generation and exploitation of new business
opportunity and to use the popular buzzwordrdquo generate business valuerdquo For instance when
buyer-seller transaction occur in the electronic market place information is access observe
arrange and sold in different ways in fact the information about a product of service is separated
from the physical product or services and has become important on it ownin some case the
information can become as crucial as his actual product of services In term of its effects on a
companyrsquos in short information ways business transaction are creating new ways of doing
business and even new type of business
Electronic commerce application are quite varied In its most common from E-commerce is also
used to donate the paperless exchange of business information using EDI electronic mail (e-
mail) electronic bulletin boards electronic funds transfer (EFT) and other similar technologies
These technologies are normally applied in high-payoff areas recognizing that paper handling
activities usually increases expenses without adding valve On the other hand the electronic
commerce is used to describe a new online approach to perform traditional functions such as
payments and funds transfer order entry and processing invoicing inventory management
cargo tracking electronic catalogues and point- of-sale data gathering more recently
companies have realized that the advertising marketing and customer support functions are
also part of electronic commerce application domain The business function act as initiators to
the entire order management cycle that incorporates the more established notions of electronic
commerce as an umbrella concept to integration a wide range of new and old applications
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Despite the changes taking place businesses have three goals stay competitive improve
productivity and deliver quality service These goals are the guiding boys for firms plotting their
course in the turbulent waters of electronic commerce There are other factors that companies
need to keep in mind First most companies have already made enormous information
technology investments to automate their key internal processes such as purchasing invoicing
and other similar functions So some aspects of the technological infrastructure for electronic
commerce are already in place The challenge now become How to effectively leverage this
investment Second prices for computer hardware and network equipment continue to fall
marking information technology an appealing investment for many businesses especially when
itrsquos used for high-impact applications such as linking their distributed operations However
investment without a clear idea of the electronic commerce architecture being built would be
akin to driving with blinders on As a result companies that have decided that electronic
commerce applications represent one of the best strategic investment they can make must first
exert some effort to understand the technology underlying electronic commerce applications
At first glance it appears that messaging based technologies such as EDI and Male-Enabled
applications combined with database and information management service form the technical
foundation for effective electronic commerce solutions No single one of these technologies can
deliver the full potential of electronic commerce however What we require is an integrated
Electronic
Commerce
Electronic
Document
Interchange
E-mail Fax
Electronic
Messaging
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Corporate
Digital
Library
Electronic
Publishing
Information
Sharing
Collaborative
Work
Marketing Advertising
Sales Customer Support
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
architecture the likes of which has never been seen before This integrated architecture is
emerging in the form of the World Wide Web (WWW) As electronic commerce becomes more
mature we are beginning to see sophisticated applications being developed on WWW
Technically and commercially the WWW client-server model seems poised to become a
dominant technology
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter3
Architectural framework for Electronic Commerce
The software framework necessary for building electronic commerce applications is little
understood in existing literature In general a framework is intended to define and create tools
that integrate the information found in todayrsquos closed systems and allow the development of e-
commerce applications It is important to understand that the aim of the architectural framework
itself is not to build new database management systems data repository computer languages
software agent-based transaction monitors or communication protocols Rather the architecture
should focus on synthesizing the diverse resources already in place in corporations to facilitate
the integration of data and software for better applications
We propound that the electronic commerce application architecture consist of six layers of
functionality or services
1) Application
2) Brokerage services data or transaction management
3) Interface and support layers
4) Secure messaging and electronic document interchange
5) Middleware and structured document interchange
6) Network infrastructure and basic communication services
Applications Services
Customer-to-Business Business-to-Business Intra-organizational
Brokerage and data management
Order processing-mail order houses Payment scheme-electronic cash Clearinghouse or virtual mall
Interface layer
Interactive catalogue Directory support function Software agents
Secure messaging
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol Encrypted e-mail EDI Remote programming (RPC)
Middleware services
Structure documents (SGML HTML) Compound document (OLE OpenDoc)
Network infrastructure
Wireless-cellular radio PCS Wire line-POTS Coaxial Fibre Optics
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
There Layer cooperate to provide a seamless transition between todayrsquos computing resources
and those of tomorrow by transparently integrating information access and exchange within the
Context of the chosen application As seen in above fig electronic commerce application are
based on several elegant technologies But only when they are integrated do they provide
uniquely powerful solutions
In the ensuing discussion of each of these layers we will not elaborate on the various aspects
of the network infrastructure that transports information
Electronic commerce Application services
The application services layer of e-commerce will be comprised of existing and future application
built on innate architecture These distinct classes of electronic commerce application can be
distinguished customer-to business business and intra organization
Advertising Sales Customer
services
Procurement distribution and logistics
Manufacturing
And production
Accounting finance
and management Engineering
and research
Customer-oriented
Electronic commerce
Customers
Internal publishing Private commerce
Classic EDI
Global Suppliers
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Customer-to-business Transactions
We call this category marketplace transaction in a marketplace transaction customers learn
about products differently through electronic publishing buy them differently using electronic
cash and secure payment system and have them delivered differently Also how customers
allocate their loyalty may also be different
In light of this organization itself has to adapt to a world where the traditional concepts of brand
differentiation no longer hold-where ldquoqualityrdquo has a new meaning where ldquocontentrdquo may not be
equated to ldquoproductrdquo where ldquodistributionrdquo may not automatically mean ldquophysical transportrdquo In
this new environment brand equality can rapidly evaporate forcing firms to develop new ways
of doing business
Business-to-Business transaction
We call this category market-link transactions Here business government and other
organizations Depend on computer- to=computer communication as a fast an economical and
a dependable way to conduct transactions Small companies are also beginning to see the
benefits of adopting the same methods Business-to-business transactions include the use of
EDI and electronic mail for purchasing goods and services buying information and consulting
services submitting requests for proposals and receive proposals
For example the current account payable process occurs through the exchange of paper
documents Each year the trading partners exchange millions of invoices checks purchase
orders financial report and other transaction Most of the documents are in electronic form at
their point of origin but are printed and key-entered at the point receipt The current manual
process of printing mailing and rekeying is costly time- consuming and error-prone Given this
situation and faced with the need to reduce costs small businesses are looking towards
electronic commerce as a possible saviour
Intra Organizational Transactions
We all this category market- driven transactions A company becomes market driven by
dispersing through the firm information about its customers and competitors by spreading
strategic and tactical decision making so that all units can participate and by continuously
monitoring their customer commitment by making improved customer satisfaction an ongoing
objective To maintain the relationships that are critical to delivering superior customer value
management must pay close attention to service both before and after sales
Information Brokerage and Management
The information brokerage and management layer provide service integration through the notion
information brokerage the development of which is necessitated by the increasing information
resource fragmentation We use the notion of information brokerage to represent an intermediary
who provides service integration between customers and information provides given some
constraint such as a low price fast service or profit maximization for a client
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Information brokers for example are rapidly becoming necessary in dealing with the voluminous
amounts consumers and information on the networks As on-line database migrate to consumer
information utilities consumers and information professionals will have to keep up the
knowledge and ownership of all these systems Whorsquos got what How do you use it What do
they change Most professionals have enough trouble keeping track of files of interest on one
or two database services Will all the complexity associated with large number of on-line
databases and services bureaus itrsquos impossible to expect humans to do the searching It will
have to be software programs- information brokers or software agents to use the more popular
term- that act on the searcherrsquos behalf Information brokerage does more than just searching
Interface and support services
The third layer interface and support services will provide interface for electronic commerce
application such as interactive catalogues and will support directory services- functions
necessary for information search and access These two concepts are very different Interactive
catalogues are the customized interface to consumer application such home shopping An
interactive catalogues is an extension of the paper-based catalogue and incorporates additional
features such as sophisticated graphics and video to make the advertising more attractive
Directories on the other hand operate behind the scenes and attempt to organize the enormous
amount of information and transactions generate and to facilitate electronic commerce Directory
services database make data from any server appear as a local file A classic example of a
directory is the telephone white pages which allows us to locate people and telephone number
in the case of electronic commerce directories would play an important role in information
management functions For instance take the case of buying an airline ticket with several
stopovers with a caveat that the time between layovers be minimized This search would require
several queries to various on-line directories to find empty seats on various airline and then the
availability of seats would be coordinated with the amount of time spent in the airport terminals
Secure messaging and structured document interchange
services
The importance of the fourth layer secure messaging is clear Everyone in business knows that
electronic messaging is a critical business issue Consider a familiar business scenario you hand
over an urgent fax on Monday and find out on Tuesday that itrsquos still sitting on your fax operatorrsquos
desk What happened The line busy and he thought hersquod try again later Or the number was
wrong but he forgot to let you know Or you are in London and you need to send a spreadsheet
that details a marketing plan for a product introduction strategy to a co-worker in New York This
must be done today not tomorrow when the courier service would deliver There is a solution to
these common and frustrating problems Itrsquos called integrated messaging a group of computer
services that through the use of a network send receive and combine messages faxes and
large data files Some better known examples are electronic mail Enhance fax and electronic
data interchange
Broadly defined messaging is the software that sits between the network infrastructure and the
clients or electronic commerce application masking the peculiarities of the environment Other
define messaging as a framework for the total implementation of portable applications divorcing
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
you from the architecture primitives of your system In general messaging product are not
applications that solve problems they are more enablers of the application that solve problems
Messaging services offer solution for communication non-formatted (unstructured) data such as
purchase orders shipping notices and invoices Unstructured messaging consists of fax e-mail
form based system like Lotus Notes Structured documents messaging consists of the
automated interchange of standardized and approved message between computer applications
via telecommunication lines Example of structured document messaging include EDI
Messaging is gaining momentum in electronic commerce and seems to have many advantages
It supports both synchronous (immediate) and asynchronous (delayed) message delivery and
processing With asynchronous messaging when a message is sent work continues (software
doesnrsquot wait for a response)This allows the transfer of messages through store ndashand ndashforward
methods
The main disadvantages of messaging are the new types of applications it enables ndashwhich
appear to be more complex especially to traditional programmers-and the jungle of standards it
involves Because of the lack of standards there is often no interoperability between different
messaging vendors leading to islands of messaging Also security privacy and confidentiality
through data encryption and authentication techniques are important issues that need to be
resolved for ensuring the legality of the message ndashbased transactions themselves
Middleware services-
Middleware is a relatively new concept that emerged only recently Like so many other
innovations it came into being out of necessity Users in the 1970s when vendors delivered
homogeneous systems that worked didnrsquot have a need for middleware When conditions
changed-along with the hardware and the software the organizations couldnrsquot cope The tools
were inadequate the backlog was enormous and the pressure was overwhelming And the
users were dissatisfied Something was needed to solve all the interface translation
transformation and interpretation problems that were driving application developers crazy
With the growth of networks client-server technology and all other forms of communicating
betweenamong unlike platforms the problems of getting all the pieces to work together grew
from formidable to horrendous As the cry for distributed computing spread users demanded
interaction between dissimilar systems networks that permitted shared resources and
applications that could be accessed by multiple software programs In simple terms middleware
is the ultimate mediator between diverse software programs that enables them talk to one
another
Transparency
Transparency implies that users should be unaware that they are accessing multiple systems
Transparency is essential for dealing with higher-level issues than physical media and
interconnection that the underlying network infrastructure is in charge of The ideal picture is one
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
of a ldquoVirtualrdquo network a collection of work-group departmental enterprise and interenterprise
LANs that appears to the end user or client application to be a seamless and easily accessed
whole
Transparency is accomplished using middleware that facilitates a distributed computing
environment This gives users and applications transparent access to data computation and
other resources across collections of multivendor heterogeneous systems The strategic
architectures of every major system vendor are now based on some form of middleware The
key to realising the theoretical benefit of such an architecture is transparency Users need not
spend their time trying to understand where something is Nor should application developers
have to code into their applications the exact locations of resources over the network The goal
is for the applications to send a request to the middleware layer which then satisfies the request
anyway it can using remote information
Transaction security and management
Support for transaction processing (TP) is fundamental to success in the electronic commerce
market Security and management are essential to all layer in the electronic commerce model
Transaction integrity must be given for businesses that cannot afford any loss or inconsistency
in data For electronic commerce middleware provides the qualities expected in the standard
TP system the so-called ACID properties (atomicity consistency and durability)
World Wide Web (WWW) As the Architecture
Electronic commerce depends on the unspoken assumption that computers cooperate efficiently
for seamless information sharing Unfortunately this assumption of interoperability has been
supports by the realities of practical computing Computing is still a world made up of many
technical directions product implementation and computing vendors This diversity white good
for innovation causes problem as the e-commerce application try to impose a certain discipline
on the proliferating computers and networks It is that the real effect of computing is all too often
the prevention of data sharing due to incompatibilities- architectures data format and
communication protocols
What does the Web Encompass
The web has become an umbrella for a wide range of concepts and technologies that differ
market in purpose and scope These include the global hypertext publishing concept the
universal reader concept and client- server concept
The global hypertext publishing concept promotes the idea of seamless information world in
which all on-line information can be accessed and retrieved in a consistent and simple way To
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
access information in this seamless world we will need the ability to address many types of
data- text files images sound files animation sequences
The universal readership concept promotes the idea that unlike the segmented applications of
the past we can use one application a universal (or common) user interface- to real a variety of
documents This concept implies that once information is published it is accessible from any type
of computer in any country and that any (authorized) person merely needs to use one simple
program to access it This is accomplished in the web by using a core browser or application
that augmented by specialized work onto the supporting applications
The client- server concept allows the web to grow easily without any centralized control Anyone
can publish information and anyone (as long as he or she is authorized) can read and download
it Publishing information requires a server program and reading data requires a client browser
All the client and all the servers are connected to one another by the Internet The various
standard protocols allows all clients to communicate will all servers In practice the web hangs
on a number of essential concepts including the following
The addressing scheme known as uniform resource locator (URL) marks the hypermedia
world possible despite many different protocols
A network protocol known as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) used by the client
browsers and servers offers performance and feature not otherwise available
A mark-up language (HTML) which every web client is required to understand is used
for the representation of hypertext documents containing texts list boxes and graphics
information across the net
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter 4
Technology behind the Web
Information providers (or publishers) run programs (called servers) from which the browsers
(clients) can obtain information This program can either be Web servers that understand the
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) ldquogatewayrdquo program that convert an existing information
format or a non- HTTP server that Web browser can access-anonymous FTP or Gopher
servers
Web servers are composed of two major parts the hypertext transfer protocol for transmitting
documents between servers and client and the hypertext markup language (HTML) format for
documents The link between HTML files and the HTTP servers is provided by the uniform
resource locators (URLs)
Uniform Resource locators
The documents that browsers display are hypertext that contains pointers to other documents
The browsers let you deal with the pointers in a transparent way-select the pointer and you are
presented with the text to which it points This pointer is implemented using a concept that is
central to Web browsers uniform resource locators (URLs) One way to think about URLs is to
use the libraries and location on a shelf as a metaphor A URL for a digital library would be a
unique call number that provides the exact location of every book in the world Including the
country city street and library shelf location
In practice URLs are the string used as addresses of objects (documents images) on the Web
Think of them as analogous to your e-mail address Just as your address is unique may be used
by any other Internet user to send you mail without knowing exactly where you are a URLs
follow a fairly consistent pattern The first part describes the type of resource the second part
given the server housing the resource and the third part given full fill name of the resource
URLs are universal in that they provide access to a wide range of network services which
required separate applications in the past For a new network protocol one can easily form an
address as the set of parameters necessary to retrieve the object If these parameters are
encoded into a concise string with a prefix to identity the protocols and encoding one has a
new URL scheme Take a look at the URL formats below
FTP ftpserveraddresscompletefilename
Gopher gopherserveraddressportdirectoryfilename
TELNET telnetserveraddressport
HTTP httpserveraddressporthomepagehtml
News newsmiscstocksinvest
These are URLs for Internet news articles and newsgroups (the NNTP protocol) and for HTTP
archives for TELNET destinations e-mail addresses and so on The same can be done for
names of objects in a given name space For example the URL of the main page for the web
project happens to be httpwebw3orghyptextwebthe projecthtml
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
The prefix ldquohttprdquo in the preceding example indicates the address space and defines the
interpretation of the rest of the string The HTTP protocol is to be used so the string contains
the address of the server to be contacted and a substring to be passed to the server
As noted earlier different protocols use different syntaxes but they do have a small amount in
common For example the common URL syntax reserves the solidus () as a way of representing
a hierarchical space the pound label () as a way of printing inside the document and question
mark () as a separator between the address of an object a query operation applied to it
Hierarchical space are useful for hypertext where one ldquoworkrdquo may be split up into many
interlinked documents The allow related names to exploit the hierarchical structure and allows
links to be made within the work independent of the higher parts of the URL such as the server
name
URLs are central to the Web architecture The fact that it is to address on object anywhere on
the Internet is essential for the system to scale and for the information space to be independent
of the network and server topology
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter 5
Network Security and Firewalls
The ability to conduct business on a public network has strong attraction- and the potential for
big savings Security and confidentiality are essential however before business can conduct
financial transactions over the Internet and a lack of widespread security measures remains at
this time At present credit card number financial records and other important information are
not encrypted and can be intercepted by any savvy Internet hacker
The discussion of security concerns in electronic commerce can be divided into two broad types-
1 Client-server security uses various authorization methods to makes sure that only valid
user and program have access to information resources such as database Access
control mechanism must be set up to ensure that properly authentication are allowed
access only to those resources that they are entitled to use Such mechanisms include
password protection encrypted smart cards biometrics and firewalls
2 Data and transaction security ensures the privacy and confidentiality in electronic
messages and data packets including the authentication of remote users in network
transaction for activities such as on-line payment The goal is to defeat any attempt to
assume another identity while involved with electronic mail or other forms of data
communication Preventive measures include data encryption using various
cryptographic methods
Data and Message security
The lack of data and message security on the Internet has become a high profile problem due
to increasing number of merchants trying to spur commerce on the global network For instance
credit card number in their plain text form create a risk when transmitted across the Internet
where the possibility of the number falling into the wrong hands is relatively high Would you be
willing to type in your credit card number knowing the risk Even worse would you expose your
customers to that risk Just the through of ldquosnifferrdquo program that collect credit card number en
masse is enough to keep merchants away from on-line shopping given the possible lawsuits and
other liability issues In sort the lack of widespread e-commerce
Encrypted Documents and Electronic Mail
E-mail uses who desire confidentiality and sender authentication are using encryption
Encryption is simply intended to keep personal thoughts personal Some users are already using
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) others are starting to use Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM)
E-Mail is typically encrypted for the reason that all network correspondence is open for
eavesdropping Internet e-mail is obviously far less secure than the postal system where
envelopes protect correspondence from casual snooping A glance at the header area of any e-
mail message by contrast will show that it has passed through a number of nodes on its way
to you Every one of these nodes present the opportunity for snooping
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter 6
Electronic Commerce Companies
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter 7
Pictorial Representation E-Buying Methodology
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Flipkart
Step 1- Go to the link of the website wwwflipkartcom
Step2-
Select the desired product category you want to buy
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step3-
Choose the product you want to buy
Step4- On the productrsquos page click on Add to WISHLIST to add more products to your recent
shopping
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 5-
Either Log-In or Sign-Up to add more products to you Wish List
Step 6-
To buy click on BUY NOW button on the productrsquos page Then click on PLACE ORDER
button to place your order
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 7-
Now it will ask whether you are existing customer or a new customer Choose desired
option and then click on CONTINUE
Step 8-
You are required to fill up all the details asked in the form then click on SAVE AND
CONITNUE
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 9-
Click on CONTINUE button by confirming your purchase
Step 10-
Select the desired PAYMENT METHOD according to your facility
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 11-
Fill up the details and click on PAY
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Buying Procedure on on-line shopping website Yepme
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 5
Step 6
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 7
Step 8
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Step 9
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
Chapter 8
Conclusion E-Commerce is growing tremendously A lot of companies have joined between the period July and August Online retail is still a tiny spot in Indiarsquos retail market of about $500 billion a year but it is growing at a quick pace A study by retail consultancy Techno Park predicts Indiarsquos e-tailing market will reach $32 billion by 2020 from $23 billion in 2014 Ethnic Indian clothes and casual work are favourite products but unusual products like pets-too are being offered online With the huge growth that e-commerce has witnessed in recent times analyzed like Devyanshu Dutta says there is scope for more players to come in but some also warn about the risks the space is fraught with as only a few chances of making it big They also see consolidation in the sector going forward
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Frontiers of Electronic Commerce by Ravi Kalakota and Andrew B Whinstone
Big E-Commerce deals stir up sector-Economic Times
wwwFlipkartcom
wwwYepmecom
![[XLS]saintangelos.comsaintangelos.com/studentdesk/NoticeBoard/BCA Practical... · Web viewKARVI VINAYAK VARDHAN VISHWAKARMA PAWANKUMAR SURESHKUMAR SATPUTE NIKHIL BHIKU SINGH JYOTI](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5ab147357f8b9ac3348c2c04/xls-practicalweb-viewkarvi-vinayak-vardhan-vishwakarma-pawankumar-sureshkumar.jpg)
