RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Sampling and Measurement

Sample design

Technique or procedure a researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample

Types of sample designs

Probability Sampling Non-probability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling

Complex Random Sampling ( Cluster sampling, Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling,

etc.)

Quota sampling

Measurement and Scaling Techniques

Measurement in Research

Measurement Scales

Nominal scale Ordinal scale Interval scale Ratio scale

Sources of Error in Measurement Respondent Situation Measurer Instrument

Tests of Sound Measurement Test of Validity Test of Reliability Test of Practicality

Technique of developing Measurement Tools Concept development Specification of concept dimensions Selection of indicators Formation of index

Scaling

Important Scaling Techniques Rating scales

Graphic rating scaleItemized rating scale

Ranking scalesMethod of paired comparisonMethod of rank order

Scale Construction Techniques

Arbitrary scales Differential scales or Thurstone-type

scales Summated scales or Likert-type scales Cumulative scales Factor scales - Semantic differential