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SAFFLOWER

Prepared by,Dileepkumar H P

ALB-1036

Safflower / kusume

BN:- Carthamus tinctorius

Family:- Compositae

Origin:- Mediterranean and Persian gulf

Chromosome no:- 2n=24

Cultivated spp. May have originated from two related spp.

1. Carthamus oxycanthus (wild safflower)

2. Carthamus lanatus (saffron thistle)

Genus carthamus contain about 25 valid spp.

Plant and Petal Flower and Seed

Production:-

Important Rabi oil seed crop in India

India occupies first position in area and production in the world with 60% of area and 66% production

Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major growing states with 94% area and 80% of production

Productivity is highest in Mexico with 1200kg ha-1 and India with 630kg ha-1

Introduction:-

It is one of the humanities oldest crop but world wide comparatively a minor crop limited in distribution because of environmental factor and spiny nature of the crop

Earlier Safflower was grown for its petals used for coloring beverages, flavoring food and dye cotton and silk earlier to the availability of low price aniline dyes

Floret contain two coloring material 1.Carthamidin(20%):- a water soluble yellow pigment2.Carthamin(2%):- a orange red dye insoluble in

water but readily soluble in alkaline solution

Important facts about safflower:-

More or less Day neutral crop but thermo-sensitive so grown as a rabi crop

It has got phenotypic plasticity of plant population i.e. variation in plant density changes structure and branching maintaining same yield levels

Tolerant to salinity but sensitive to water logging conditions

Self pollinated crop with out crossing of 5% to 40% due to the action of honey bees.

100 seed weight varies from 2.5 to 8 g

Both oil and protein content decreases with increased altitude(Optimum range is 300-1000 above MSL)

Uses of safflower:-

Oil contains 90% PUFA so it is good for heart patients

Suitably dried flowers used to treat circulatory, inflammation and muscular problems

Leaves are rich in carotene, riboflavin and vit.C so can be used as leafy vegetable

Dye extracted from petal is used for dyeing purposes

Crop can be grown as guard crop because of spiny nature

Used to feed the birds

Nutritional aspects:-

Oil content:- 28 - 32 % Protein :- 14 - 19 % Crude fiber:- 32 - 34 % Ash :- 5 -7 %

Oil contains…..Fatty acid Percentage(%)

Linoleic acid 70-80

Oleic acid 6-8

Palmitic acid 5-8

Stearic acid 2-3

Properties of oil:-

particular Values

Color Golden yellow

Specific gravity 0.9

Refractive index 1.4

Iodine value 130-150

Saponification value 186-194

Free fatty acids 0.15-1%

Floral morphology:-

Inflorescence is called as capitulum/head

it consist of 20 to 100 florets collected closely together on a circular receptacle

It is surrounded by several layers of bracts, outer layer is spined

A small apical opening through which corolla tubes of flower protrude

Color of the flower vary from yellow to red orange but deep yellow is common

Stigma is well covered with florets own pollen ensuring self pollination

1. Plant habit; 2. Flowering branch; 3.Detail of head; 4. Lower part of flower; 5.Upper part of f lower (opened); 6. achene(Seed)

Anthesis:-

On main branch flower blooms earlier than on secondary branches

Within a capitulum blooming begins in the outer circle of floret and progresses centripetally.

Disc florets usually begin to open in the morning and prolongs till mid day

Self pollinated crop(90%) with Out crossing of 5-40% depending on bee activity

Breeding objectives:-

Breeding for spinelessness

Breeding for developing thermo insensitive varieties

Breeding for resistance against pest and diseases

Breeding for higher yields

Breeding higher oil contents

Selfing and crossing techniques:-

Selfing :-

safflower is a self pollinated crop(90-100%) with an out crossing of 5-40% depending on bee activity

Selfing can be achieved through covering the capitulum with paper cover before opening of the flowers .

Crossing:-

Flower should be emasculated before anthesis i.e. stamens are removed without damaging stigma.

In the next morning freshly collected pollens are dusted and head is coved with paper cover.

Varieties and hybrids:-

Varieties:-

S 144, A1, A2, A300, NARI 6, NARI 38, Parbhnikusum, Phule kusum, Bhima, sharda, PBNS 40, SSF 658

Hybrids:-

DSH 129 :-First hybrid released by directorate of oil seed research, hyderabad

MKH 11, NARI 11, NARI-NH-1, NARI-NH-15, MRSA-521

Pest and diseases:-

Important pests:-

1.Saflower aphid

(Uroleucon compositae)

Most destructive disease in all safflower growing area

Resistant var. Bhima, Sharda, Girna, A-1, JSF-1

2.Other pests:-

cutworms, fly, surface grass hopper

Important diseases:-

1.Alternaria leaf spot:-

(Alternaria carthami)

2.Other diseases:-

Fusarium wilt, Cercospora leaf spot, Ramularia

leaf spot , rust. Alternaria leaf spot

Cercospora leaf spot Wilt Leaf rust

Institutes working on safflower:-

Agricultural research station. Annigeri, Dharwad.

Directorate of oil seed research, Hyderabad

Mahathma phule krishi vidyapeeth, maharashtra

References:-

Field crop production(commercial crops) vol-2

-Dr. Rajendra prasad, ICAR publication.

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Thank you…..!