Upload
guest936973
View
3.899
Download
4
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Roman Childhood & Adolescence
Roman Infancy
• Because of high infant/child mortality rates, women had to bear many children to ensure a good chance that one or two would survive to adulthood (to inherit the domus, to further the familia with their own children).
Position of Children
• Roamed throughout the domus, confined to certain areas depending on time of day.
• In the care of slaves: nurses, pedagogi.
• Romans presented children as in need of molding and control.
• Wore special clothing (toga praetexta) and jewelry (apotropaic amulets, rings, etc.)
The Stage of Childhood
Marked by particular (gendered) rituals, codes of behavior (status determined), personnel and emotions.
Age of childhood: birth to puberty (legally defined as age 12 for girls and 14 for boys).
All children were under the potestas of their paterfamilias until his death.
Latin Words for Children
infans: birth to 7 years old. Romans had no word for ‘baby’ per se - infans used until age 7. Cicero spoke of his son when he was an infant as his filiolo (‘sonlet’, ‘little son’). Catullus speaks of a parvulus (little tiny one); Suetonius gives us pupus/a (doll).
Latin Words for Children
liberi: freeborn legitimate children (any age)progeni/filii: offspring, sons and daughters
(any age)pueri: young male and female children (not youths).puella: diminuative; arose from puera, used for both
young children (7-12) and young women between puberty & marriage; also a term of affection for one’s married lover (Catullus: vale, puella!)
Birth
Birth was surrounded by rituals to ensure health and good luck.
Midwife checks the baby for any deformities.
Sublatus ceremony: father formally acknowledge the newborn by picking it up (tollere liberos).
If he did not pick it up, it would be exposed (perhaps to die, perhaps to be picked up by another family to raise).
Protective DeitiesDiespater - birthMena and Lucina - menstruation & childbirthOpis - placing the baby on the earthVaticanus - the first cryLevana - to lift the baby from the earthCunina - to guard the cradleRumina - for breastfeeding (wet-nurses common)“This list reflects anxiety about a dangerous process
and the need for protection of the child & mother.”
Naming Ceremony (Purification Rite)
Non-blood sacrifice, party with gifts.Girls were named on the 8th day after birth
(feminine versions of their father’s names- Claudia, Tullia, Agrippina).
Boys were named on the 9th day after birth (his own praenomen, the nomen & cognomen of his father).
Children (just boys?) were given bullae, signs of free birth and protective amulets.
Parents registered births within 30 days (Temple of Saturn).
Body Control - Shaping
Swaddling in different ways according to gender:Breast area: bound more tightly around girlsPelvic area: left loose around girlsFeet: bound broad at the end, narrow in the middleKnees: straightenedArms: bond to the sidesHead: bound separatelySwaddling released gradually between 40th-60th day
postpartum.
Childhood Games
Those children who survived infancy had a variety of games to play.
Knucklebones (astragali; of bronze, glass, or onyx) were thrown like dice, with each side having a different value.
Marbles, Board games, Dolls, pet animals, sports, sandcastles, miniature chariots, etc.
End of Early Childhood
The end of infantia (infancy) was marked by the loss of baby teeth (legally the 7th birthday).
Boys now began participating in public arena by beginning their education outside of the domus.
It is estimated that 50% of children who survived infancy would die before the age of 10.
Socialization
Until the age of puberty, socialization took place at home for girls, and at home and school for boys.
Caregivers: slaves/nurses, pedagogues, the child’s extended family.
There is evidence for affection between caregivers and children.
Mark of Childhood
Roman citizens, as children, were subject to physical punishment.
Slave caregivers/teachers could beat their free charges.
Equivalence of slaves and children in this respect.
Gendered Play
Females were encouraged to identify themselves with their future roles as wives/mothers (dolls are not baby dolls, but young women).
Males were encouraged to model their games after their future occupations (war, politics, oratory).
Character Forecasting
Romans believed you could see the man/woman in the child [Horace’s satire portraying his sons’ characters as revealed in how they played with their knucklebones; one too generous, the other, too miserly]
Symbolic Moments in Childhood
Sarcophagi reliefs show us how certain moments in childhood were thought to be symbolic for the movement from infancy to puberty/adulthood.
Sentimentality: parents loved the child
Practicality: the loss of the child means the loss of the productive adult
Education
Both boys and girls were educated
Elementary school: basic reading, writing, arithmetic. Memorization of Roman legends, laws, poetry. Self-control of body and emotions.
Girls: educated at home in both the skills above and those that would make them successful wives and mothers (running the domus, working wool, etc.).
Higher Education
Grammar School: taught by a grammaticus, learned Greek and Latin grammar (upper class only).
Rhetoric School: a rhetor taught the art of rhetoric, of speaking and writing formally in the most effective and persuasive way. The study and analysis of oratorical texts. Training of the body and voice.
Male Transition to Adulthood
Male: between 14-19, boys celebrated their formal coming of age, usually on March 17, the festival of Liber and Libera.
Dedicated his childhood clothes to the household gods (along with his bulla)
Put on the new white toga virilis (toga of manhood), symbolizing his new status as full citizen.
Registered himself at the Tabularium.Attended large banquet given for families and
friends.
Female Transition to Adulthood
The transition from childhood to adult was marked by marriage.
Considered marriageable after age 12, but age of actual marriage varied from 15-20 depending on class and circumstance.
Adolescent girls would have been carefully protected and watched, to ensure chastity.
Latin Words of Female Transition
puella
virgo: virgin, maiden [heavy chaperoning]
uxor: wife
mater: mother
Betrothal
Among the elite, could happen in infancy.Parents selected husband, negotiated dowry.Bride expected to be chaste, modest,
domestically capable.Groom: good character, good looks, good
health.Betrothal party optional: the male sponsus
often gave his sponsa a ring.
Marriage
Night before wedding: girls may have dedicated their clothing and toys in a ritual. Brides donned and slept in a tunica recta and a yellow hairnet, both woven by themselves.
On the wedding day, they wore belts woven from ewes’ wool to symbolize fertility, tied with special knot.
Dress marked the final transition from virgo to uxor.Hairstyle: sex crines, flower garland around head.Flammeum: bridal veil covered head, face, body.