Common Definition: A programmable machine that imitates the actions or appearance of an intelligent creature – usually a human.

Should be able to do two things:

• Get information from its surroundings

• Do something physical work.• First programmable Robot was developed in

1954 by George Devol

- Coined the name of the first Robot Company, “Unimation”.

ROBOTS IN CONSTUCTIONS:

ROBOTS IN CONSTUCTIONS:

ROBOTS IN CONSTUCTIONS:

ROBOTS IN CONSTUCTIONS:

HUMANOIDS IN CONSTUCTIONS:

* By utilizing available sensors and actuators, we can design the behaviors of a robot and then decide the execution rules among those behaviors. While doing this developing, we also evaluate the robot’s performance and modify the behaviors and execution rules. This bottom-up approach is called the constructive approach.

An An ANDROID/HUMANOIDANDROID/HUMANOID can can be defined as a be defined as a ROBOT designed to look and act designed to look and act human.human.

An Andro Humanoid is an An Andro Humanoid is an anthropomorphic robot anthropomorphic robot

- Looks like a human- Looks like a human

- Known as "humanoids"- Known as "humanoids"

HUMANOIDS/ANROIDS:

Basis of Androids:• High demand to do tedious and dangerous tasks• Advent of faster and cheaper processors• Make robots move and "think" to look more like humans • Psycological factorsThese facts have gave birth to ANDROIDS.

Taking the example of KISMET, an android with

facial expressions and emotions built at MIT,

by Dr Cynthia Brenzeal.

• Had head with jaws• Eyes had color CCD camera • Small motors to move facial features

Calm Interest Angry

Happy Sad Surprise

From humanoids to androids. The first robot (the left end) is Robovie II developed by ATR Intelligent Robotics and Communications Laboratories. The second is Wakamaru developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. The third is a child android, while the fourth is the master of the child android.

The framework of android science.

The approach from robotics tries to build very humanlike robots based on knowledge from cognitive science. The

approach from cognitivescience uses the robot for verifying hypotheses for

understanding humans. We call this cross-interdisciplinary framework android science.

DEVELOPMENT OF ANDROIDS

The main difference between robot-like robots and androids is appearance. The appearance of an android is realized by making a copy of an existing person.

Child android

The technology to recreating a human as an android has been accomplished to some extent;

however it has not yet been perfected. The difficulties are:

• Details of the wetness of the eyes.• More flexible and robust skin material

Details of the wetness of the eyes

The wet surface of the eye and the outer corners are difficult to recreate with silicon, more improvement is required in this area.

Although the android has a mechanism for blinking and the eyeballs are perfect copies, we are aware of the differences from a real human.

More flexible and robust skin material

The current silicon used in this trial manufacturing is sufficient for recreating the texture of the skin. However, it loses flexibility after one or two years and its elasticity is insufficient for large joint movements.

Mechanisms for humanlike movements

Adult android developed in cooperation with Kokoro Co.ltd.

The actuators can represent unconscious movements of the chest from breathing in addition to conscious large movements of the head and arms.

Facial expressions of the android

Furthermore, the android has a function for generating facial expression that is important for interactions with humans. Figure shows several examples of facial expression. For this purpose, the android uses 13 of the 42 actuators.

Toward very humanlike movement

Marker positions on the master (right) and android (left).

Humanlike perception

Distributed sensor system

Skin sensor.

* Meeting of Engineering and scientific approaches is known as Turing test

* The Turing Test is a proposal for a test of a machine’s ability to demonstrate intelligence.

COGNITIVE STUDIES USING ANDROIDSTotal Turing test

Total Turing test.

An Engineer designs an Android Similar to his Face.

Possibility of an android as a human

The adult android and a subject.

In general:

• Perform automated tasks to save on labor

• One of the factors contributing to higher levels of productivity

Personalization and Ease of Use:

• Better acceptance by humans

• Provides personal touch

• Can be used for domestic mundane tasks

• Self explanatory repair mechanism

• Android science is expected to be a very fundamental research where principles of Human-Human communications and Human-Robot communications are studied.• The Android System in this paper has also practical possibilities.