Security from the Bottom-Up in Haiti:

Before and After the Quake

Dr. Robert Muggah

PUC-IRI

Small Arms Survey

November 2011

Outline

• Historical and contemporary dynamics

• First and second generation approaches to security promotion

• Outcomes of security promotion from the bottom-up

Fragile, Failing, Failed?

US occupation (1919-1934)Haitian armed forces

Duvaliers dictatorships (1950s-1980s)Ton Ton Macoutes

Aristide era (1990-2004)Chimeres and HNP

From Preval to Martelly (2004-) Les “gangs”

Conventional security (1990-present)

• Modernizing the judiciary

• recruiting, training and vetting the national police

• corrections and penal reform

• Counter-narcotics, customs and border control

Stabilization in Haiti (2007-)

• UN approach « sticks and carrots »

• US approach « carrots and sticks »

• Brazil, Canada, Norway « mostly carrots »

MINUSTAH Approach

• Muscular MINUSTAH operations and restoration of national policy capacity

• MINUSTAH-led (5 UN agencies) community violence reduction

• Focusing on reducing authority of gangs and reinforcing rural community structures

US Approach

• Haitian stabilization initiative (HSI) focused on Cité Soleil – « a laboratory »

• USAID/Dyncorps/IOM focus on infrastructure and service delivery

• Emphasis on empowering communities and returning HNP

Other Approach

• A focus on community-based stabilization and development in Bel Air

• Local-level mediation, gradual phasing in of HNP and service delivery

• Create enabling conditions for security to allow penetration of water, education and youth programmes

Trends in homicidal violence (per 100,000)

Trends in physical assaults (per 100,000)

Trends in sexual assaults (per 100,000)

Perceived security: 2009 and 2010

Reporting on property crime: 2004-2009

Stabilization in Haiti: Outcomes

• Sustained security dividends

• Positive public perceptions of HNP

• Access by humanitarian actors

Assessing security from the bottom-up

(2005-2010)

Survey themes

• Demographic and socio-economic profiles• Mortality and morbidity (verbal autopsy)• Victimization and insecurity• Mental health• Quality of life• Access to services• Attitudes toward service providers• Attitudes toward disarmament

Surveying security

• 2005 household survey (n: 1,260) cluster survey focused on Port-au-Prince

• 2009 household survey (n: 2,800) including 1,800 from Port-au-Prince and 1,000 national

• 2010 household survey (n: 2,947) including 1,800 from Port-au-Prince and 1,147 from IDP camps (25 randomly selected)

Survey methods

• Multi-cluster random sampling – GPS coordinate sampling and random number table (and ILO, USDA food sec, Pearsons QoL index)

• Haitian, Canadian and US team members deployed from September-October 2011 (Wayne State, University of Michigan, University of McMaster, SAS)

How serious is a problem is crime where you live before/after (n: 2, 947)

Percentage of households reporting property crime 2004-2010 (n: 2,947)

Who would you turn to first if robbed or threatened (n: 2,947)

Ideally, who should be responsible for security (n: 2, 947)

When was the last time you saw the police in 2010 (n: 2,947)

Reported perpetrators of property crimes (Jan-Feb 2004-2010)

Outlawing armed groups would make my community safer (2009)

Peace accords between armed groups would make us safer (2009)

Assessing security from the bottom-up (2011)

Sample and profile

• Approximately 2,805 households (1,800 from general P-au-P with 88.4% RR and 1,005 IDP population from 30 camps with 91.8% RR)

• Respondent profile – 52.8 per cent women, mea age 26.76 (SD 8.6 years), HHS 4.3

Preliminary findings: crime

• Property crime since quake – 1 in 10 in general population and 5 in 10 in IDP population

• Physical assaults since quake: 1.2 per cent (n: 23) of general population and 15 per cent (n: 150) of IDP population

• Sexual assaults since quake: 2 per cent (n: 35) of general population and 22 per cent of IDPs (n: 220)

HNP should be primary security provider?

Percentage who: Strongly Agree

Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Disagree Strongly Disagree

General Population

44.96 30.27 17.31 5.45 2.00

IDP Camp Population

39.78 29.91 19.24 7.98 3.09

Crime Victims & their Household

Members

35.16 28.71 1.29 11.29 22.90

The armed forces of Haiti should be re-established?

Percentage who: Strongly Agree

Agree Neither Agree nor Disagree

Disagree Strongly Disagree

General Population

0.67 0.72 1.33 32.61 64.67

IDP Camp Population

0 0.10 1.59 8.96 89.35

Crime Victims & their Household

Members

0.32 0.32 3.21 33.01 63.14

Service I used this Other adult used this

Child used this

Police (HNP) services – interacted with HNP 0 <1 1.2

Private security company services 1.1 1.9 1.1

Received free prepared meals <1 <1 6.2

Received free food (unprepared) 2.3 2.1 3.3

Participated in a cash or food for work program 0 <1 N/A

Received free household items 1.1 <1 1.9

Received free untreated water 63.5 63.8 63.9

Received free treated water 21.8 24.7 32.4

Residential care for my child (eg.: orphanage) 2.1 2.8 1.4

Free toilets provided by an NGO/International Organization 69.3 69.3 72.2

Received assistance rebuilding my home <1 <1 N/A

Attended classes led by a community organization 7.4 9.2 19.4

Received free vocational training 1.2 2.6 3.4

Attended adult literacy class <1 1.1 N/A

Participated in microcredit program <1 <1 N/A

Community sports program 2.0 2.6 5.2

Religious education/enrichment 8.3 8.9 19.7

Arts/Music program <1 <1 2.7

Participated in organized community service (volunteering) 4.9 4.7 1.4

Youth development (eg, Kiwo) <1 1.0 16.9

Child sponsorship program (eg, Compassion, World Vision) <1 <1 1.1

Used neighborhood meeting space/community center 30.9 29.7 32.2

Used neighborhood park/plaza/play area 78.9 76.4 91.2

Used public lights to study/read at night 31.2 30.9 20.1

Government-run medical services <1 <1 1.1

Medical services from NGO/IO 1.1 1.3 6.4

Participated in a women’s group 9.1 11.2 N/A

Disability or physical rehabilitation services for injury <1 <1 <1

Technical observations

• Critical role of evidence

• Surveys are rapid and cost-effective

• Importance of well-trained local teams

• Value of longitudinal and geo-tagged datasets

Substantive observations

• Stabilization activities have generated some positive returns

• Focus on preventing and reducing violence in IDP camps

• Strengthen investments in HNP with focus on enhancing community relations