THE CHALLENGES AND RESPONSES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Mindanao State University – General Santo City

History 5 – O17

June 20, 2014

The meaning and importance of a man’s task can be understood and appreciated when viewed within a time frame and its proper historical context.

To better understand and appreciate the role of Jose Rizal in the making of a Filipino nation, one has to know the developments in the century when he lived, the period when he worked.

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Era of challenges and responsesA period of major changes which affected men and society

6 IMPORTANT CHANGES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

1. Struggle for nationalism

2. Gradual spread of democracy

3. Modernization of living through the Industrial Revolution

4. Advance of Science

5. March of Imperialism

6. New Current in the movement of thought and growing confidence on progress

NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM

NATIONS STRUGGLE FOR NATIONALISM

A feeling of oneness by a group of people wo believe that they possess common traditions, culture and common ideals or goals.

French Revolution (1779-1789)

Overthrowing of absolutism

American Revolution (1775-1783)

Independence from Great Britain

HOW TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT?

Country should be free from domination and that a country should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity

In the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over the subjects

Greece became independent nation from the Turks on 1830.

Norwegians won their freedom from Swedes in 1905.

Italy became a free and united nation through the work of Camillo Cavour, Joseph Mazzini and Joseph Garibaldi in 1861.

Germany was united led by Iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who adopted the policy of “blood and iron” in 1871.

1867

1800 - 1825

Simon Bolivar “The Liberator”

(Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and part of Peru)

Jose San Martin“The Liberator”(Argentina, Chile and part of Peru)

MEN FIGHT FOR DEMOCRACYPolitical ideas of the nineteenth century

EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARE

MULTIFARIOUSSeries of changes in the industry:

a. From hand work to machine work

b. Domestic system to the factory system

BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN 1760

Manufacturing

Spinning jenny

Spinning frame

Spinning shuttle

Cotton gin

Sewing machine

Transportation

Steam boats

Steam locomotives

Airplanes

Automobiles

Balloons

Communication

Telephone

Telegraph

Wireless telegraphy

Cable

Postal service

Newspapers

Establishment of factories

Employment of thousands of workers

Large scale production of manufacturing goods

Commodities became cheaper

Towns and cities grew

Improved standard of living

Division of labor practiced (capitalists and laborers)

Increase in population

Advances in medical knowledge and public hygiene

Opening of more lands for cultivation and commercialization

Increase in national income

Encouraged migration

RESPONSES TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS CREATED BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

LIBERALS

Adopted the laissez-faire policy to stimulate the growth of factories

Allow everybody to expand as much as he wished in his individual enterprises

Industrialists became powerful and rich

Working men became poorer

Unemployment and misery resulted

SOCIALISTS

Government should own and manage the means of production

Benefit of all and not only for a few individuals

As long as the capitalists controlled the economic life of people, no democracy

Claude Henri, Francois Fourier and Robert Owen

COMMUNISTS

Authored Communist Manifesto

Earliest socialists that reforms could be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political methods and with compensation for the private owners

Only a violent revolution could improved the lot of workingmen

Advocated abolition of private property in land centralization of all means of production in the hands of the state abolition of all rights of inheritance Confiscation of the property of emigrants and rebels Universal and equal obligation of work

CATHOLICISM

Pope Leo XIII in Reform Novarum (The Conditions of Labor)

Rights must be religiously respected Duty of public authority to prevent and punish injury Poor and helpless have special consideration upon questioning its

rights State has the right to regulate the use of private property and to

protect it Workers have the right to form unions

SCIENCE BECOMES THE SERVANT OF MAN

Soul of the Nineteenth century

MODERN IMPERIALISM STARTS A PROCESS OF

HISTORIC CHANGEActivity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial

boundaries through the acquisition of new territories

Purpose of securing rea materials, markets for manufactured products, additional food supplies, outlets for surplus population and fields for investment of surplus

capital

GROWING CONFIDENCE ON PROGRESS INSPIRES

OPTIMISMMan made considerable progress in various fields

Democracy

Education

Science

Public Health

Literature

Music

Art

“ The divine flame of thought is inextinguishable among Filipino

people and in some way or another it has to shine and make

it known. It is not possible to brutalize the inhabitants of the

Philippines.”

QUESTIONS TO LIVE BY

1. Why is nationalism a desirable national goal?

2. Why is industrialism a continuing concern of society?

3. Do you agree with Rizal’s point of view that the pursuit of science is an ideal of man? Why?