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River Processes
• Erosion removes material from a river bed making it deeper/wider
• These pebbles, sand, silt, etc. get transported downstream (river’s load)
• Deposition occurs after a river no longer has enough energy to carry the load and drops it on the river bed-boulders first, silt & mud last
Factors Affecting River Work
• Velocity/energy-the faster the river the larger the material able to be transported
• After rain rivers may look brown due to suspension
Factors Affecting River Work
• Volume-the more water the greater the volume of the load
• Bedrock-harder rocks-i.e. granite- erode slowly, soft rocks-shale-erode easily & some rocks- i.e. limestone- can be dissolved completely
Deposition
• Occurs when rivers lose velocity– Decrease in the gradient– Decrease in river flow as
water drains after a heavy rain
– River meets the sea/lake– River flows slower on
the inside of bends
Upper Course of a River
Source• Where the river starts in a
highland or mountainous area
• Vertical erosion can be great in some areas and create gorges, canyons, potholes
• Potholes-smooth rounded hollows formed by stones trapped in the hollows of a river bed
Upper Course of a River
Rapids• Form where the water is
shallow and the river bed is rocky & irregular making the water rough
• Usually in steeper areas• Can make river travel
difficult unless white water rafting/kayaking
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Waterfalls & Gorges
Positives• Brings in tourists• Hydroelectricity
Negatives • Can cause navigation
problems, makes the river difficult to cross
Middle and Lower Courses
• As the river valley begins to widen and become less steep
• Begin to see more lateral (sideways) erosion
• Vertical erosion may stop completely by the time we reach the lower course
Floodplains & Levèes
• Flat land next to a river liable to flood
• Occasionally the river flows above the level of the surrounding plain but is enclosed by raised embankments called levèes
Deltas
• Low-lying flat marshy land where a river meets a sea/lake
• Formed from a river with carrying a lot of sediments that meets a still sea/lake and the sediments build up
• May cause distributaries
The Long Profile of a River
• A line drawn from the source of the river to the mouth showing how the gradient changes
• Typically steep in the upper course and more gentle and smooth in the lower course
• Erosion & deposition remove irregularities in the profile making it smooth and concave
Living in River Flood Plains & Deltas
• Often densely populated• Offer flat land (easy to
build)• Fertile soils• River valleys are natural
route ways• Navigable rivers allow
transport & trade• Provide drinking water
and food source
Living in River Flood Plains & Deltas
• Tropics can suffer from diseases carried by insects i.e. malaria (mosquitoes) & sleeping sickness (tsetse flies)
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Flooding
• Discharge-the volume of water flowing down the river at any one time
• When the discharge can no longer be contained within the channel & overflows to the surrounding area it floods
• Dense population can make flooding severe
• When it rains, very little of it actually falls into the river, so where does the water come from?
Factors Affecting Discharge• Rainfall• Relief
– Rainwater runs over steep slopes vs. infiltration on gentle
• Land Use• Weather Conditions
– Hi-temps reduce discharge
• Rock & Soil Type– Permeable vs. impermeable
Flood Prevention
Planting Vegetation• Planting vegetation (trees)
allows rainwater to be taken in by roots & go out through transpiration
• Acts like a sponge that releases water slowly so flood peaks are reduced
Flood Prevention
Artificial Levèes• Increase the capacity of the channel• Usually banks are strengthened with concrete or stone so less
likely to break
Flood Prevention
Dredging the Channel• By making it deeper this
increases the capacity and makes it less likely to overflow
Flood Prevention
Bridge Design• Bridges with wide pillars and
walls on top act like dams which hold back water; modern bridges are slim and prevent this from happening
Flood PreventionWash Lands
• Control land on flood plains areas for recreation instead of residential to minimize damage