Ripples of Hope over Troubled Waters:The Calancan Bay Experience

Ripples of Hope OverTroubled Waters:The Calancan Bay

Experience

Francisco P. Fellizar, Jr.,Wanah Maria Ayesa H. Velo

Robert G. Bernardo

The SEAMEO Regio nal Center tor Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture (SEARCA)is one of the regional research and training centers of the Southeast As ian Mini sters ofEducation Organiza tio n (SEAME O), an intergovernment body founded in 1965 to promotecoop eration amo ng Southeas t Asian nations through acti vit ies in educa tion, sc ience , andculture. SEARCA's programs are designed to accel erate sustai nable agriculture and ruraldevelopm ent thr ough human resource development , research , technology transfer , andinfo rmation dis semi nation . It is hosted by the Philippine Govern ment on the campus of theUniversi ty of the Phili ppines Los Banos, which is based in Los Banos, Laguna, Phil ippines.It is suppo rted by donations from SEA MEO memb er and associa te member states, other

governments, and vario us internat ional donor age ncies.

Ripples of Ho pe Over Troubl ed Waters: The Calancan Bay Experience

Francisco P. Fellizar , Jr., Wanah Maria Ayesa H. Vela, and Robert G. Berna rdo

Publi shed by SE AMEO SEARCA, College, Los Banos , Lagu na, PhilippinesPr inted in the Repub lic of the Phili ppinesFirst Printing, Nove mber 2002

Style Edi ting andCover Desi gn: Lea h Lyn D. Dom ingo

Philippine Co pyright 2002 by the SEAMEO Regional Ce nter for Graduate Study andResearch in Agri cultu re (SEA RCA)

All rights reserved . No part of this publi cat ion may be reproduced or transmitted in anyfo rm or by any means, electro nic or mecha nical , including photocopy, reco rd ing, or anyinfor mation storage and ret rieval system, withou t permissio n in wr iting fro m SEA MEOSEARCA .

ISBN No. 971 -560-19 1-3

Foreword

Coastal resources are critical and vaJuable assets for achievingsustainable development. These resources support a wide range of economicactivities and ecological functions . However, they have been severelystressed due to the impacts of population and economic pressures, uplandas well as lowland activities, and use of destructive fishing methods, amongothers. In cognizance of these problems, strategies have been designed inmanaging these resources but most have generally failed in providingeffective and long-term solutions. This is mainly because many have failedto consider the interrelated nature of the upland, lowland, and coastalecosystems.

Based on the principles of integrated landscape approach that treatsthe upland, lowland, and coastal ecosystems as interactive, SEARCA'sCoastal Resource Management Project, under its Natural ResourceManagement Program, aims to enhance the capability for designing andimplementing community-based resource management projects as strategiesfor achieving sustainable development in coastal areas in Southeast Asia .

This monograph is a product of SEARCA's research conducted inCalancan Bay, Marinduque, Philippines that had been the discharge pointof mine tailings of the Marcopper Mining Corporation (MMC) for 18years. Through this publication, we share om experiences in managingand conserving the degraded coastal ecosystem of Calancan Bay. Our aimis to provide valuable insights to planners, researchers, community workers,and policymakers.

~:;u~RUBEN L. VILLAREAL

Director

Introduction

Calancan Bay is located in the northernmost tip of the island province of Marinduque. It is approximately between 121 "55'40" and 122 '02'06" E longitudes and between 13'29'41" and 13O33'02" N latitudes. It is bounded in the east by Sta. Cruz Island, in the west by Sayao Bay and the municipality of Mogpog, and in the south by Barangay Larnesa and Dolores.

Calancan Bay had been the discharge point of mine tailings resulting from the mining operations of the Marcopper Mining Corporation (MMC) in San Antonio, Sta. Cruz, Marinduque. This dumping had been continues for 18 years, from 1975 to 1992, resulting in the formation of a 4.7 krn causeway with a total area of 84 ha, practically dividing Calancan Bay into its western and eastern sections (Fig. 1). MMC's initial authority to dump its tailings in the bay was by virtue of a permit granted by the National Pollution Control Commissjon (NPCC) on 24-October 1975.

Figure 1. Causeway resulting from mine tailings in Calancan Bay.

The Calancan Bay Rehabilitation Program (CBRP) was created by virtue of the P o l l u t i o n Adjudication Board (PAB) Resolution No. 9 issued on 9 June 1988, which e s t a b l i s h e d guidelines for rehabilitating the portions of the bay that were affected by the dumping.

The project funding came from the Ecology Trust Fund (ETF), which the Office of the President (OP) on 13 May 1988 asked MMC to set up at the rate of 30,000 for each day that the OP-issued restraining order was in effect. The CBRP implemented five projects, namely: 1) reforestation of

~iiinc tailings causeway and mangrove areas, 2) transplantation of seagrass and establishment of artificial seagrass systems, 3) deployment of artificial reefs, 4) fish yield monitoring, and 5) water quality monitoring. In 1996, CBRP commissioned SEAMEO SEARCA to evaluate the CBRP and recommend future activities that should be integrated in the program to enhance its effectiveness.

As a result of the evaluation activities, SEARCA was tasked to develop an integrated area management plan (IAMP) for Calancan Bay. In facilitating the development of the plan, SEARCA espoused the concept of comrnunity- based resource management, a highly participatory resource planning and management approach. A multidisciplinary team composed of experts in environmental planning, agriculture, forestry, aquatidfishery, socioeconomic (gender and agroindustrialization/livelihood), hydrology, institution/policy, wildlife, health, and ecotourism was formed to address biophysical, socioeconomic, and politico-administrative issues. The management plan covers the seven barangays (i.e., Botilao, Dating Bayan, Ipil, Kamandugan, Kalangkang, Kasily, and San Isidro) of the municipality of Sta. Cruz, Marinduque which were identified as heavily affected by the mine tailings dumping.

Approach and Methodology

SEARCA adopted the community-based approach in resource planning and management for Calancan Bay. Community-based resource management (CBRM) is a process by which the people are provided the opportunity and/or responsibility to manage their own resources; define their needs, goals, and aspirations; and make decisions affecting their well-being (Fellizar 1993). Essential elements of CBRM include, among others, community access and control over resources, proper resource use, viable organization, and availability of suitable technology (Fellizar 1993). It has six underlying features and/or assumptions:

The quality of life of the population is largely a factor of resource endowment and the manner in which these resources are allocated by humankind singly or collectively;

CBRM emphasizes the significance of considering or specifying a particular locale or setting where people resources-interaction takes place;

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0 CBRM requires an inventory of resources and capabilities (both biophysical and human) in a given area;

CBRM promotes community-centered and long-term goals;

0 CBRM proposes actions involving decision-making at the lowest level possible; and

CBRM believes that communities can manage their own resources.

Figure 2 shows the process framework adopted by SEARCA in developing the Integrated Area Management Plan (IAMP). The integrated area management framework also requires that environmental, economic, social, and political dynamics be incorporated in the planning process, and the active involvement of the public in all stages of the project.

STTUATlONAL ANALYSIS

Land Use - Rewurce and Ecnlogical Assessment Sociocennomic EvaluationlAlternative Livelihoods Fisheries - Policy, Legal, and Institutional Arrangcmcnts Fc~restry - Hcalth n

2 L J

R&D Issues, Needs. Gaps , Opportunities & Threats

-In& Identification o f Goals a n d Objectives

of Management Plan'

-=LL Preparation of lntegrated Area

Management Plan (IAMP)

-

Managcment Body/Council . Management Zones - Managcment Strategies and Projects - Stakeholder Participation

-LA- Implementation o f [AMP

Figure 2. Process framework for Calancan Bay IAMP.

A crit icid llcccl i l l Initlli~gclnclll plill~li~lg is ( I W cs(;~hlish~~~cnl o1'a rclii~hlc Ixlsclinc prol'ilc or it11 analysis of the currcnt biophysical, socioeconomic, and institulional status of the area. In this regard, SEARCA formed an inlerdisciplinary team and applied a combination of methodologies such as field observations and measurements, focus group discussions, key informant ipterviews, formal survey, field sampling and laboratory analysis, and review of secondary literature to come up with a comprehensive understanding of the project's areas of concern. Team members also attended local meetings as observers to understand local socio-cultural and institutional dynamics. Informal discussions with community members also revealed a wealth of information that would have otherwise been unavailable through formal channels. It was the SEARCA team's responsibility to sift through these information and conduct validation activities to ensure that the information obtained were genuine and useful.

Through the baseline profiles, the research and development (R&D) issues, needs, and gaps as well as the opportunities and threats were identified. While the project covered only the seven barangays that were identified as having been affected by the dumping, it was unavoidable to include other barangays andlor ecosystems that are integrally part of the entire Calancan Bay watershed. Thus, some identified concerns reflect the status and concerns not only of the seven barangays and their component ecosystems, but that of other adjacent barangays as well.

Realities, Constraints, and Opportunities: The Calancan Bay Setting

Owing to the complex nature of the coastal resources, a human ecological perspective was adopted to analyze the scenario in Calancan Bay and the management of its coastal resources.

Human ecological perspective allows holistic understanding of man- environment interactions. It provides a framework for the analysis and prescription of the appropriate mix of strategies to forge the needed balance between man's action and the capacity of natural resources to provide for man's welfare. The human ecological perspective provides an integrative and conlprehensive appreciation of the complex interaction between and among population, resources, institution, and technology, which are often overlooked in the planning and management of fishery resources.

Understanding the man-environment relationship minimizes negative impacts, thus ensuring long-term sustainability of the resource to meet the diverse and changing needs of man. Figure 3 shows the human ecological view in coastal resource management.

Figure 3. Human ecological view of coastal resource management.

REALITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Resources and 3lechnology

Land Use and Agriculture

The project area covers the seven barangays that had been previously identified as most affected by the dumping of the mine tailings. These barangays are Ipil, Kamandugan, Kalangkang, Kasily, Botilao, Dating Bayan, and San Isidro. With a combined area of about 3,381 ha, these barangays generally have undulating and rolling to hilly topography and the landscape is generally dominated by coconut-based farming systems. Other important crops in the area are banana, rootcrops, and arrowroot. Small patches of rice paddies are cultivated mainly for home consumption. Traditional agriculture, that is, use of traditional varieties with no fertilizer or pesticide application, generally characterize local agriculture. Among the seven barangays, Dating Bayan and San Isidro are inland barangays and therefore have no coastal shorelines.

I?ol-cstrylvcgetation and 'I'cr~xstrial Wildlife

Two types of forests exist in the area: the 124.51 ha limestone or molave (Vitexparvrjlora) forest under the jurisdiction of Barangay Dating Bayan and the 595.1 ha mangrove forests traversing the coastlines of Botilao, Ipil, Kalangkang, Kasily, and Kamandugan. The limestone forests have been badly exploited owing to their relative accessibility and the high value of molave timber. The remaining molave stand was found to be insignificant, being widely dispersed and with 20 cm as the biggest diameter encountered. An old-growth limestone forest is estimated to yield an average of not more than 30 m3/haof timber of merchantable size. In the case of Calancan Bay, wood volume was estimated to be less than 4 m3/ha. Other species identified in the limestone forest include alupas (Euphora didyma), balakat (Ziziphys talanai), lanete (Wrightia laniti), taluto (Pterocymbium tinctorium), and narra (Pterocarpus indicus) .

Assessment of the mangrove forest, on the other hand, revealed dense stands with an estimated density of 108 trees per 100 m2, or spacing of less than 1 x 1 m. Bakauan babae (Rhizophora mucronata) was the most frequent species encountered, followed by bakauan lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) and tangal (Ceriops tagal). The estimated average volume of the mangrove forest in the entire Calancan Bay is 145,848.34 m3 or 264.76 m3/ha. This total volume is expected to increase further as the mangrove stands have been found to be relatively young, based on the preponderance of trees with diameter of 0.5 to 5 cm.

The area also boasts of fascinating extensive wildlife. The encountered, observed, and/or reported wildlife in the area include:

0 75 species of birds, including 17 Philippine endemics, 4-6 Marinduque endemics, and two migratory species, observed mostly in secondary and in mangrove forests;

0 18 mammals, four of which are Philippine endemics and three are commensal to human habitation. Of these species, 16 were recorded in secondary forests, 10 in agro-forests, and four in mangroves;

18 species of amphibians and reptiles, including five Philippine endemics and six commensal species. Eleven species were recorded in secondary forests, 10 in agro-forests, and six in mangroves.

Among the six amphibians recorded, three were endemic and two were commensal. Among the 12 reptiles, two are Philippine endemics and four are commensal. Moreover, an unknown species of Forest Frog Platymantis sp. may be present in the vicinity of the limestone caves based on the calls. This, however, needs to be further verified. These are new records for the islands as there are no known records for amphibians and reptiles from Marinduque island;

11 1 species of terrestrial vertebrates, of which 26 are endemic to the Philippines. Six of these vertebrate species, which are endemic only to the Philippines and have a threatened status.

Four reported species in the area are now feared as extinct (the warty pig, Sus philippensis; Philippine brown deer, Cervus mariannus; Rufous Hornbill, Buceros hydrocorax; and Southern Luzon giant cloud rat, Phloeomys cumingi).

Hydrology

The estimated water resources in the area include 2,000,000 million m3/year of surface waterlstreamflow, 1,600,000 million m3/year of groundwater safe yield, 1,873 rnrnlyear of rainfall, and 50,000 m3 of impoundment. The areas covered by the project are generally classified as difficult areas, that is, areas with groundwater depths that var; considerably, with about 25 percent of developed wells yielding non- productive boreholes. Only part of Botilao, San Isidro, and a very small part of Kamandugan have deep well areas.

Coastal Resources

The whole coastline of Calancan Bay is lined intermittently with mangroves. Thick mangrove patches occupy the innermost portions of Barangay Kalangkang, Bofilao, and Ipil. Where the mangroves end, seagrass beds grow, occupying a large area, particularly in coves between Botilao and Banot Island and the area east of the causeway in front of the thick mangroves of Ipil. From the coastline of Kalangkang to midway of Ipil may be found an extensive reef structure made up predominantly of sand and silt with patches of small colonies of massive corals, rocks, and rubbles.

No significant coral formations, however, exist on the reef flat. Coral formations are shallow and moderately extensive on the edge, extending from a depth of 2 n~ to 8 m, and more than 15 m at the outermost edges. Coral formations west of the causeway occupy half of the northern portion of Hakupan Island and around most of the small islands of Banot. The major benthic components comprising the reef include live hard corals, other invertebrate fauna, dead corals, and other abiotic components. Although some algae were observed, algal assemblages were not significant in all sampling stations except at Manulao Shoal and Barangay Kalangkang. Visual fish census revealed nine families of commercially important species, 5 species of schooling commercial food fish, and 15 major families in the bay. A total of 82 species distributed among 22 families and 1,846 individuals were recorded in all sample stations in the bay.

Population

Socio-demographic Profile

The human population of the seven barangays comprises about 11 percent of Sta. Cruz's total population of 53,000 (1990 census). The annual population growth rate in the municipality is low at 0.15 percent, which is reflective of the outmigration patterns prevailing in the province. The socioeconomic survey conducted in the seven barangays showed high literacy at 96 percent, with the majority of the respondents having finished elementary school only. More females were able to reach or complete 11igI1 school education than males, who are considered to have greater flexibility in finding jobs even without high educational attainments. The average household size in the area is five.

The majority of the respondents is engaged in farming and fishing, which is their primary source of livelihood. Livestock production is also a major source of income among households. The average annual household income is P28,706, but the majority of households have less than P5,000 annual household income from various occupations. Production enterprises are the common activities (e.g., copra productibn, fish production/ harvesting, arrowroot production), with very few individuals engaging in processing and/or trading. The suki system is the prevalent marketing arrangement as the regular buyers of the produce also serve as the

household's convenient sources of credit. Most farm produce are sold in the locality. Fish are usually sold to compradors based in the coastal barangays, who then transport the fish to Lucena City. Gender roles have been apparently delineated in various household and livelihood activities, with strenuous and non-household activities generally assigned to men. Women and children, on the other hand, generally take care of household chores and livelihood activities that are based in the household (e.g., backyard gardening and backyard livestock production). The majority of the respondents were open to diversification and/or expansion of their current enterprises to increase family income.

Health Profile

Health remains a major issue in the area, particularly after then President Fidel V. Ramos declared Barangays Botilao, Ipil, and Kamandugan as calamity areas for health reasons. The leading causes of mortality and morbidity show the emergence of chronic non-communicable diseases such as cancer, CVA, hypertension, and cor-pulmonale. On the other hand, colnmunicable diseases such as Koch's pneumonia, diarrhea, and influenza continue to be the leading causes of morbidity. The apparent exposure of the population to heavy metals, particularly in the seven barangays, has allegedly caused blood-related health problems in the community. Deaths due to aplastic anemia, leukemia, and other blood dyscrasias registered noticeable increases as shown by the records of RHU I and I1 from 1975 to 1996.

Institutions

Several institutions are already working in Calancan Bay, but concerted effort is needed to consolidate and integrate the various plans toward a common goal. There is a strong environmental awareness among local communities, and this may be harnessed if local institutions could only link and harinoniously work together. The threats to the institutional stability in the area are the institutional conflicts and poor prosecution of offenders (e.g., illegal fishers, illegal loggers). These need to be resolved if only to operationalize the sustainability of a community-based management approach for Calancan Bay.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . CONSTRAINTS and OPPORTUNITIES

Calancan Bay may be generally characterized as an ecosystem that has been degraded by mining activities, aggravated by increased economic pressures from its fishery-dependent marginalized population. Calancan Bay should therefore address the twin concerns of ecological restoration and economic enhancement.

This section discusses the issues that currently impinge on the integrity, rehabilitation, and conservation of Calancan Bay's coastal resources. These are the very issues that characterize the "troubled waters" of the bay- ecologically, socially, economically, and politically.

Resources and Ykchnology

Upland areas covered by the seven barangays have been largely deforested and converted to agriculture, largely coconut-based farming. Small patches of secondary forests were observed, not because of intentional protection but mainly due to their inaccessible locations.

The major problem besetting the management of the remaining timberland in Calailcan Bay is the absence of boundaries that set the extent/ limit of the timberland as clearly demarcated by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) in its land classification map. [Inless clear delineations are set on the ground, the remaining timberland will continuously become subject to encroachment or speculation by lot owners adjacent to it.

The size of the remaining limestone forest is relatively small, considering the number of people dependent on it for fuelwood and lumber supply. This is further constrained by the slow rate of growth of trees, owing to their edaphic characteristics, which renders them insufficient to ~llcct the demands of the Calancan Bay population. The destruction of the l i~ncstone forest has also affected wild animals (especially monkeys), which I ~ ; I s also affected agricultural production. Moreover, the insufficiency of I ~rliher resources (both for fuelwood and construction timber) resulted in

the exploitation of mangrove forests. Interviews with some leaders in lpil revealed that there is an existing barangay ordinance that allows local residents to cut trees from the mangrove for house construction. Said ordinance also reportedly requires users to plant the same number of trees that were cut. The idea appears to be good, but monitoring and evaluation need to be institutionalized.

While it is recognized by the barangays that the mangrove forest serves important ecological role in the maintenance of marine resources, threats to its integrity continue to be present. For instance, recent surveys revealed that 85 percent of Sta. Cruz households use fuelwood as source of energy for cooking. Fuelwood consumption per bakery is about 2.5 to 4 m3/week, while households consume about 1.5 to 1.75 m3/ week. Due to lack of good sources of fuelwood, commonly used species include those that appear in backyards (e.g., ipil-ipil, guava, madre de cacao, cypress). With the current demand for wood energy, the establishment of fuelwood plantations for domestic needs is an opportunity that deserves serious consideration. Therefore, there is a need for creative management options involving the DENR, local government units, and the communities to address the issue of effective forest conservation and management.

The negative consequences of deforestation and indiscriminate logging have been clearly demonstrated in many studies in the Philippines as well as elsewhere in the world. These include increased soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, reduced water retention and water supply, hastening of global warming, and loss of biodiversity. Forests are one of the most diverse ecosystems on earth, on which depend the sustenance and survival of other plants and animals, including man. Thus, the loss of Calancan Bay's forest resources would have consequent effects on the integrity, number, and quality of other flora and fauna in the area.

Within the seven barangays, there have been several visible incidences that can be traced to the reduction in forest cover. One is the declining fertility of soil as evidenced by low. productivity of cocoimt and other crops. Another is the encroachment of wild monkeys on farms. Some terrestrial vertebrates and endemics in the area are considered threatened and face extinction. While the project area was classified as a difficult area in terms of water resources, deforestation may have had also affected the reduced or weakened water supply in deep wells.

Illappropriate crop selection is also one of the major causes of low productivity of upland farms in the area. Simply put, crops being grown i l l lllc upland farms are not appropriate to the soil, climatic, and hydrological conditions of the area. These are further aggravated by poor cultural n\anagement practices.

I ,owland Environment

Similar to the upland scenario, lowland agriculture in the seven harangays may also be generally characterized by inappropriate crop selection and under-utilization due to lack of adequate irrigation. The studies also showed that while 46 percent of farms are owned, 26 percent of farrner-operators are share-tenants. Insecurity of tenure has been found to be a major disincentive for carrying out farm improvements as tenants feel that most of the benefits resulting from such improvements would only accrue to the owners.

The lack of irrigation facilities has limited the farmers' choice of agricultural crops. Rice, a staple food, is imported from neighboring provinces and grown by farmers in the few areas with adequate water. The average farm size of 2.5 ha also constrains farmers from venturing into potentially high income-generating agricultural production activities.

Coastal Environment 4

Calancan Bay residents attribute the reduction in fish catch and degradation of coastal habitats to dumping of mine tailings. The dumping which had resulted in an 84-hectare causeway, had smothered coral reefs, seagrasses, and even mangroves that were directly in the dumping area. Over the years, however, waves and currents directly act on the causeway, resulting in shifting and dissipation of the tailings substrate along a wider area. For instance, mine tailings were also observed on the lower submerged slopes of Hakupan Island. Sand shifting had also led to the death of mangroves and other beach tree species planted along the causeway as well as in adjacent coastal vicinities along the bay. *

Presently, Calancan Bay fishers report an'average catch of 2 kg per day for about nine hours of fishing effort. SEARCA (1997) noted a 48 percent decrease in the volume of fish catch and a 42 percent decrease in the average size of caught fish from 1988 to 1996. This deterioration in -

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the volume and quality of fish catch may be attributed to several factors- the degradation of habitats, increased fishing effort by local and commercial fishers, illegal fishing, and coastal pollution, among others. Commercial fishers had also been observed to encroach in Calancan Bay, which is entirely part of Sta. Cruz's municipal waters. Illegal activities such as dynamite fishing and use of sodium cyanide to catch aquarium fish had also been reported as still prevalent in the area.

Decreasing fish catch may also be attributed to mangrove deforestation and conversion into fishponds and settlements. Mangrove trees are increasingly becoming popular and convenient sources of fuelwood for sale or home consumption, such that clearings are already observed in some parts of the mangrove areas. Unsustainable fishpond practices such as use of chemicals and abandonment without rehabilitation efforts also undermine the ecological functions of the mangroves.

The presence of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in the mine tailings raises the possibility of heavy metal contamination of man through bio-magnification. While heavy metals in the water are already within background levels (i.e., can no longer be detected by instruments because of their low level), sediments still have elevated heavy metal concentrations. Several fish species were also analyzed to have high concentrations of cadmium and lead. This is therefore a strong concern facing Calancan Bay communities, particularly the small fisherfolks who are very much dependent on the bay's fishes for their subsistence and survival.

Institutions

One of the most critical institutional issues that could facilitate the implementation of a sustainable management plan for Calancan Bay is the mandate and scope of the Calancan Bay Rehabilitation Program (CBRP). The Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB) should officially recognize the urgent need for incorporating and addressing socioeconomic rehabilitation concerns within the mandate of CBRP. Otherwise, CBRP will still be operating with fettered hands, and conflicts between the Program and other Calancan Bay stakeholders will not be resolved.

The high level of environmental awareness among various entities and constituents of the bay is a good starting point for launching a concerted effort for sustainably managing the bay. However, there remains a need for all local government units, national agencies, nongovernment organizations, and people's organizations to integrate their efforts and combine resources to address pressing issues. Integral to this is the strengthening of local capability to plan, implement, monitor, and evaluate research, management, and development programs.

Among local communities, there is an apparent aversion to cooperative formation due to community members' negative experiences with failed cooperatives. The socioeconomic and institutional studies showed that in the past, cooperative formation was generally fund-driven and imposed on the people, rather than based on their genuine needs and capacities.

Population

Socioeconomic environment

Farming and fishing are the major sources of livelihood among the seven barangays covered by the project. Both, however, are in a critical state, with agricultural yield and fish catch on steady precipitous decline. The lack of supplemental livelihood options constrains households to stick to already non-productive or non-profitable livelihood activities. On the other hand, the stigma of failure experiences in cooperatives have led communities to prefer household-based rather than cooperative-based livelihood enterprises.

There have been several identified factors that contributed to the poor performance of cooperatives and other similar organizations in the area. 'f'liese include: 1) the donor- or fund-driven formula for establishment; 2) insufficient time for community organizing, thereby not allowing enough Ijrcparatory activities to inculcate group values and shared responsibilities; 3 ) inadequacy of follow-up and monitoring activities; 4) weak leadership coliipounded by uncooperative members; and 5) premature turnover of ~~csponsibilities to the cooperativelorganization. Credit cooperatives have :~lso heen largely unsuccessful because of poor loan repayment rates, ; ~ t ~ r i l ~ t c c l to the dole-out mentality of the people, the absence of checks ; I I I ~ Ix~lnnccs, and i~lcl'lective institutionalization and implementation of I ) U I : I I ~ ics ; I I I ~ I ~ ~ ~ l c s ;~nc l regulations.

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The lack of effective marketing system for Calancan 13ay products is also one of the main reasons for the continued dependence of the communities on marginal farm production and fish harvesting. New livelihood opportunities had been introduced to the communities in the past, but market linkages and support services were not provided. After production, communities did not know where or how to dispose of their produce. Identifying livelihood technologies that are appropriate to the area and effectively linking them with the market is a major concern that should be integrally addressed by IiveIihood development training programs and advocates.

Lack of gender concerns is also evident, particularly in training activities and/or skills enhancement programs for which male household heads are automatically tapped. Schedules and timing of training activities also do not consider the constraints faced by the trainees, particularly women.

Health Environment

The declaration of Barangays Ipil, Botilao, and Kamandugan as calamity areas for health reason brings to the fore the critical nature of the health issues in Calancan Bay. A study by the Department of Health (DOH) indicated an elevated blood mercury level among purposively selected school children in said barangays. The issue now is to assess the possible contamination within the entire population of Sta. Cruz, possibly through random sampling. While this may be a costly undertaking, it is necessary to determine the seriousness and range of contamination.

The daily dependence of Calancan Bay communities on local fishes for food also poses health risks through bio-magnification of the heavy metals. Some fish species have been analyzed to contain little traces of heavy metals. Information and education campaigns with regard to minimizing exposure to heavy metals in food items may lower the health risks of local communities.

. INTEGRATION OF ISSUES, CONSTRAINTS, and OPPORTUNITIESISTRAIEGIES

The persistent problem of low income among Calancan Bay residents is therefore a consequence of complex and interacting natural and man- made pressures, as shown in the problem network (Fig. 4). Man-induced forces are more numerous and varied as compared to natural pressures such as difficult water and rocky soil conditions.

In general, the resources and habitats in the area have been badly degraded owing to three major causes: deforestation, poor and destructive farming practices in the uplands, and the coastal dumping of mine tailings. The first two may have been a consequence of desperation among local residents to provide for household subsistence, but the latter is a result of industrial activities that failed to consider potential environmental impacts. Population and economic pressures continued to aggravate the situation as marginalized farmers and fishers continued to explore the remaining forests for fuelwood, timber and construction materials. On the other hand, fisheries continued to deteriorate due to illegal fishing (e.g., use of dynamites, sodium cyanides). The increasing population consequently resulted in increased harvesting effort both upland and coastal resources. The mangroves have also not been spared too. Clear-cutting of stands for charcoal production have been observed as well as reported by community residents. The degradation of the area's forest resources is indicated by the reported monkey infestation of farms adjoining the remaining forest patches. Being territorial entities, monkeys would only leave their territory when their natural food sources have been badly depleted. Hence, their attacks on coconut farms and fruit trees directly imply that their natural habitats have been badly degraded and that they may already be facing starvation. The El Niiio phenomenon aggravates this problem.

Faced with these problems, local communities find very few alternatives due to apparent lack of technical assistance from national and local government agencies. The presence of CBRP, which has the potential to bring competent technical, logistical, and facilitative human and capital resources to the area, has not been fully exploited. Hence, the people continue to be heavily dependent on traditional farming practices that degrade the resources,with low productivity, and low profitability. As a

colnlnon resource, Calancan Bay continued to be subjected to intense I'idiing activities, both legal and illegal, such that in 1996, the quantity ; ~ n d quality of fish catch have severely declined by 48 percent and 42 pcrpcent, respectively in only eight years. Poor market information and ~llarket channels further contribute to the disadvantaged situation of local producers. On the other hand, the few livelihood training activities conducted in the area have largely been unsuccessful, as the training programs missed a critical component of enterprise development, that is market information and linkages. There was also an apparent oversight with regard to the role of women in livelihood activities, as often only men invited to participate in training activities, or, if women were invited, the schedules did not consider the women's own household functions and schedules.

Inadequate law enforcement has encouraged the proliferation of activities such as illegal fishing, mangrove clearing, illegal logging, and the like. Commercial fishers have been observed to encroach regularly on lilunicipal waters without being apprehended. Likewise, dynamite fishing and the use of sodium cyanide have been reported as regular practices in the bay. Without effective control measures, these illegal activities will undermine any rehabilitation andlor management efforts in the bay.

Local institutions such as the local government units (i.e., provincial, municipal, barangay), people's organizations, national government agencies, and academic institutions based in the area have been found to need further technical training and skills enhancement to make them effective partners in sustainable resource management. Institutional inadequacies have been evaluated in terms of number of personnel, technical knowledge, and logistical support (e.g., equipment, materials, funds). Within the communities, there is also an aversion to cooperative formation as channels for livelihood introduction and community development due to the stigma brought about by failed cooperatives in the area.

Infrastructure is generally inadequate, which also limits the productive and income potential in the area. Water supply is very limited, particularly during summer months, and electricity has still to reach five of the seven barangays covered by the project. The barangay road networks are generally of limestone and/or gravel type, with limited public transportation. Modern comnlunications networks are virtually non-existent.

This network ot' problems therefore poses a I>ig challcngc to Ihc local government units, communities, and all stakeholders of Calancan Bay. In the past, institutional conflicts and lack of adequate conmunication between and among involved parties have further contributed to existing problems, instead of resolving them. While the past events have indeed brought about many of the existing issues, efforts now must be directed at pro-active, concerted action among all sectors to address these concerns. By looking forward instead of dwelling on the past, efforts will be better guided, and potential benefits may actually be realized, enjoyed and shared by all sectors. Figure 5 presents the summary of interrelationships between population, resource, institution, and technology issues and how they were addressed based on project findings, and technical knowledge, and experiences of the SEARCA team.

Ripples of Hope Over Troubled Waters: The Integrated Area Management Plan for Calancan Bay

In facilitating the development of the plan, SEARCA espoused the concept of community-based resource management, a highly participatory resource planning and management approach anchored on a human ecological perspective. In order to address the biophysical, socioeconomic, and politico-administrative issues, a multidisciplinary team composed of experts in environmental planning, agriculture, forestry, aquaticlfishery, socioeconomic (gender and agro-industry/livelihood), hydrology, institution/policy, wildlife, health, and eco-tourism was formed. The management plan covers the seven barangays (Botilao, Dating Bayan, Ipil, Kamandugan, Kalangkang, Kasily, and San Isidro) of Sta. Cruz, Marinduque which were identified as heavily affected by the mine tailings dumping.

IAMP envisions Calancan Bay as a coastal environment characterized by ecological soundness, improved economic well being, and an active community and local government involved in sustainable development efforts. The main goal of IAMP for Calancan Bay con~munities, therefore, is to provide a framework that will be used as guide for decision- and policymakers, particularly the local government units, to improve the quality of life through con~munity-based, sustainable resource management strategies.

Eco-tourism cum enterprise development is identified us the ovemll strategy for the sustainable utilization and management of Calancan Bay. This scheme has been identified for the following reasons: 1) Calancan Bay has natural attractions that should be preserved while, at the same time, provide economic returns; and 2) dependence on Calancan Bay fisheries for food and subsistence may continue to pose health risks to local communities because of the possible bio-magnification effects of heavy metals. The rationale, therefore, is to provide supplemental livelihood activities, that is, livelihood options that will not totally withdraw local communities from fishery activities, but provide additional income for food and other household needs. It is hoped that this exposure to other livelihood activities will provide the motivation for communities to decide on their own, decide to shift occupations and engage in other profitable and sustainable livelihood activities.

The baseline environmental profiling activities in Calancan Bay revealed the existence of natural habitats and attractions that have high potentials for eco-tourism development. Some of these attractions are, in fact, already popular and regularly receive local and foreign tourists. Ironically, this unregulated tourism is, at present, endangering the integrity of these attractions. Yearly, the large number of visitors force the natural inhabitants (e,g., pythons') of Bathala Caves to abandon their habitats during some parts of the year. Waste disposal, vandalism, and damage to natural structures are also quite common. This is very unfortunate, considering the ecological value and economic potential that can be derived from the establislunent of sustairiable management mechanisms for these attractions.

Figure 6 locates the areas that have eco-tour potentials within Calancan Bay. These are the natural sites that should be preserved and managed and, at the same time provide income support to the local government units and to the communities. With proper management, these eco-tour areas and activities are expected to be financially sustainable such that its future projects and activities will be financed out of its own earnings.

Complementing these projects are other livelihood and human resource development activities that aim to empower local communities and governing bodies, and improve their quality of life. Institutional arrangements and structures must also be established to implement and facilitate the plan. In particular, linkages and networking between and

among relevant government agencies, nongovernment organizations, people's organizations, and the businesslprivate sector, are critical in the attainment of the goals of this plan.

Eco-tour Areas and Projects

The mine tailings causeway has the potential to address the three-fold objective of eco-tourism: 1) its fine, sandy, shoreline substrate allows swimming and other recreational beach activities; 2) it provides a staging or launching point for water sports activities that are appropriate for the bay's calm waters; and 3) it is an educational site, a natural laboratory by which the impact of industrial activities on the natural environment and man's effort to rehabilitate a degraded ecosystem are very much evident. The causeway, however, is not meant to have permanent structures, based on the observed constant modifications on its landscape, particularly at the seaward end which is exposed to wave and wind action. It is therefore recommended that only temporary structures be constructed in the causeway.

CBRP's causeway rehabilitation projects showed that some tree species could survive and proliferate in mine tailings substrate. Opening the causeway at this point for agriculture, as proposed by some LGU officials, does not seem feasible, owing to the substrate type (i.e., mine tailings) which is predominantly sandy in composition. Furthermore, wave action has caused extensive erosion/slumping of the causeway, thus narrowing some sections that might ultimately create a partition along the causeway.

Beach activities and water sports seem to be viable activities in Calancan Bay. Since the CBRP began its rehabilitation efforts, "natural" swimming areas have evolved within the causeway, these are areas where local residents of Sta. Cruz have picnics, swim, and even camp out, on weekends. During summer months particularly during the Lenten season, the causeway has become a very popular beach area. These swimming areas may be further enhanced through the construction of huts and cottages, which could be rented by tourists at a minimal fee. The wide beach area of the causeway may also scrvc as venue for sports activities such as beach volleyball.

'I'lic clear and calm waters of Calancan Bay also offer potentials for \v;~lcr sporls such as snorkeling, diving, kayaking, and jet-skiing, among o~liers. 'l'he resource and ecological assessment conducted in the bay rcvc:~lcd several areas that are good spots for snorkeling and scuba diving Iuause of their extensive coral reef and the presence of a variety of fish ywcies. The causeway can serve as launching area for these activities. Mooring stations/posts for boats must be established along the designated xiiorkeling/diving spots to avoid dropping anchors and prevent damage to rllc reef. The bay has also scientific and educational value for students.

Bathala Caves, Busay Falls, and mangrove forests of the bay can ;~lso be incorporated in the Calancan Bay eco-tourism package.

Bathala Caves is a network of seven caves in which only four caves have been explored, one of which features an underground river. Firm guidelines must be established to ensure that tourists going in the caves will not disturb the natural fauna and flora in the area, particularly the pythons, bats, and birds that inhabit the caves. Presently, some parts of the caves have already lost their natural beauty and inhabitants due to unregulated human intrusion, vandalism, graffiti on cave walls, scattered wastes, and limestone quarrying. The Bathala Caves are privately-owned, and the owners have expressed interest in including them within an integrated eco-tour program encompassing the entire bay. As a first step, therefore, a rapid cave resource assessment (CRA) will have to be conducted, consistent with the provisions of Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative Order (DAO) 94-04, which established and provided the guidelines for a national Cave Management and Conservation Program (CMCP). The objectives of the CRA will be to inventory, classify, and document in general terms the biologic, geologic, hydrologic, paleontological, archaeological, and historic resources associated with individual caves. While SEARCA had conducted some initial assessments of the cave, this was limited to a cursory assessment of the faunal and geologic characteristics of four caves. Results of the CRA will be the basis for establishing guidelines for cave tours.

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To give the tourists a glimpse and understanding of the ecological functions of mangroves and the biodiversity it harbors, board or canopy walks may be constructed along the mangrove forests of the bay. The board walks will feature the various mangrove species, the faunal inhabitants,

the clamaged poslioils ol'lhc hsest, and Lllc areas that li:~vc Ixxn rcllal~ilil;~lctl through comniunily reforestation efforts. The extensive mangrove li~sesls of Barangay Kalangkang and Kamandugan will be the sites of the boardwalks.

Busay Falls, on the other hand, is famous for its clear water cascading through-large boulders smoothened by water action. A favorite picnic area, the Busay Falls, however, has been slowly losing its natural grandeur, intermittently drying during the summer season, owing to the rapid deforestation of the watershed. A critical source of drinking water of the community, the Busay Falls also serves as laundry area and source of irrigation water. With proper education and community action, restoring the functions and beauty of the Busay Falls will not be a difficult objective.

These proposed eco-tour sites should be packaged in an integrated manner, such that tours will be conducted in an orderly, regulated, and coordinated way. Marinduque still boasts of other tourist attractions such as the Elephant Island, the Boac beaches, and the world famous Moriones Festival which is staged annually during the Lenten season. As the Moriones is held in all five towns of Marinduque, it is also during this time when Bathala Caves and Calancan Bay's beaches are deluged by visitors. The eco-tour package of Calancan Bay must therefore also be integrated with the other attractions in Marinduque. The local government units of Sta. Cruz should work with the Department of Tourism (DOT) toward this end.

Along this eco-tourism strategy is a waste rnanagerrierlt program for the bay. This program will be developed to properly address the waste problem that may arise as a result of the influx of tourists as well as the construction and operation of the different facilities of the eco-tourism projects. Project personnel and community members will be given appropriate training in the different aspects of waste management including minimization, recyclingireuse, and alternative disposal mechanisms.

For wastewater that will be generated from eco-tour facilities, especially near the bay, water-tight septic vaults should be provided for each facility, and discharge of wastewater into the bay will not be allowed. Wastewater from the septic vaults will be withdrawn by a local service utility for proper disposal. If there is no local utility that can provide such service, a

wwtcwaler treatinent facility will have to be established to further treat the wastewater from the vaults until such are safe for land application or reuse.

/Lstablishment of a Wildlife Sanctuary

The remaining patches of forests in Brgy. Dating Bayan, with an area of' 124.69 ha, are the remaining refuge of monkeys, birds, snakes, and other wildlife of Calancan Bay, many of which have been found to be endemic in the area. Preserving these faunal diversity necessitates the protection of the remaining forest stands in the area to prevent the occurrence of incidences such as monkey attacks on crops as well as to improve the water supply in the area.

A wildlife sanctuary implies that its covered area will have to be free from any extractive human activities. Therefore, no logging, fuelwood gathering, harvesting, agriculture, and the like will be allowed in the sanctuary. Nature appreciation trips may be allowed as part of the overall eco-tourism program for Calancan Bay.

Coastal Resources Management (CRM) Projects

The resources of Calancan Bay are seriously threatened by illegal fishing activities, siltation, fishing pressure, and habitat destruction, among others. The rehabilitation strategies conducted under CBRP have shown that the activities were generally successful in reviving biological growth and production in the near-shore areas. Hopefully, sustained support to this recovery process will lead to biological succession and ultimately to a climax community. Since some communities were already on their way to recovery (e.g., seagrass beds), there is still a need to further enhance coral growth through the provision of stable substrates (SEARCA 1996). This highlights the importance of the availability of suitable areas for larval attachment and eventual colonization. Inherent in the assumption is the notion that the larvae are present. Monitoring of the impact of rehabilitation strategies will be done as well as some studies that will complement the rehabilitation.

The provision of artificial reefs (ARs), are necessary for attachment of coral planulae (larvae). These ARs must be deployed in suitable locations within Calancan Bay considering that the near-shore community has been buried under mine tailings, the loose materials are not suitable for larval

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altacliment and colonization. Ilowcver, approprialc inslilutional arrangements must be established to ensure that ARs do not serve as mcrc fish aggregating devices.

There were potential sites in the bay identified for the establishment of fish sanctuaries. These identified sites were characterized as high in species richness and high in abundance of both fish and coral species.

Fish sanctuaries are areas in a marine environment that is protected from any form of exploitation, particularly fishing. The objective of establishing fish sanctuaries is to maintain sufficient gene pool reserves of fish and other marine organisms in the area. These areas will provide a refuge for fish to spawn and mature. The maintenance of a critical spawning stock biomass of fish and other organisms is necessary to ensure constant supply of larval recruits that will seed adjacent fished areas within the bay. In addition, these areas can serve educational purposes as well as recreational activities.

Within the marine sanctuary, the local government units and the community may decide the forms of management that they would like to institute to ensure the sustainable utilization of the bay's coastal resources. The sanctuaries will be free from extractive activities, but non-extractive activities such as snorkeling and diving may be allowed. Zones may be delineated for various educational and eco-tourism activities.

Unless strong institutional and community support is provided, a marine sanctuary will not be successful. Wjthin the communities, there must be a clear understanding of the objectives, the needs for, and benefits from the establishment of such marine sanctuaries. The initial stages in establishing marine sanctuaries will be demanding and difficult because it will require high profile monitoring and wide information awareness campaigns, and often conflict with other sectors of the community. However, experience from other areas have shown that communities have become used to the idea of a sanctuary after a while, and begin to better appreciate its value once fishery benefits (e.g., increased harvest) have been observed.

Support activities such as monitoring and research were proposed to be conducted. To assess the impacts of the rehabilitation effort, artificial substrates, fish sanctuary, and permanent observation sites in natural reefs;

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I'ish landing; and heavy metal levels in fishes and the sediment will have to Ilc conducted. The results will be used to strengthen or modify the p~wcribed CRMP activities.

Through research, rehabilitation of Calancan Bay will be enhanced. It 1s necessary to better understand key biological, ecological, and fishery dynamics of the various marine resources in the area. Initially, life history characteristics (e.g. sexual patterns, spawning season and behavior, age ;~nd size at first sexual maturity, age structures) of important reef fish species must be determined. If we are to develop an industry that is based o n the exploitation of this fishery resources, it is imperative that these key aspects are better understood.

Water Resources Development Projects

Water resources development has been identified as a critical need in the area, where water supply even for domestic uses alone is very limited. The major water resources projects that are proposed for the area include well and spring developnlent as well as water impoundment. Well and spring development will include storage tank construction and pipe installation. The water impoundment projects will be concentrated on the existing creeks of each barangay. Impoundments are expected to serve as additional source of water for other domestic and agricultural needs as well as for enhancement of the groundwater recharge.

Livelihood Activities

SEARCA's studies showed that the majority of households in the seven barangays are heavily dependent on fishing and farming for their food and livelihood. The degradation of Calancan Bay's resources and natural habitats had therefore further increased the level of desperation among Calancan Bay communities, as fish catch has declined to about 2 kglday, and agricultural production that is mostly based on coconut became seriously constrained by non-productive trees or poor soil. The presence of heavy nietals in sediments near the causeway also poses the risk of contaminatioq through bio-magnification.

The livelihood activities proposed in this plan are the result of consultations with local communities and the validation activities conducted

by the SEAKCA team. It must be noted that these livelihood enlerpsiscs are perceived to be "supplemental, " rather than "alternative, " to thc communities' existing livelihoods. This is to address the concern of some local fisherfolks who perceive the term "alternative livelihoods" negatively as taking small fishers off from fishing and relinquishing the entire fishery resources to commercial fishers.

The identification of livelihood activities was conducted in a manner which allowed barangay representatives to pre-identify their desired livelihood options. During the consultation, each barangay was asked to identify the following: 1) the strategies and projects which from their perception will be applicable andlor desirable in their area; 2) the location of these strategies and/or projects within the barangay; 3) the area that will be covered, where possible; 4) the relevant institutions/organizations that will be involved; and 5) the implementation schedule, which denotes the level of priority of the various projects.

SEARCA project team members who were present during consultation meetings provided technical assistance to the different barangaydgroups. This process resulted to the identification of livelihood projects for the seven barangays, which were classified in terms of availability in the barangays, level of impact (i.e., market potential, technical/resource matching/suitability, current and potential volume) and level of intervention required (i.e., high, medium, or low). Intervention refers to technology adoption, training, and marketing support as provided by both local government and private sector initiatives.

For the level of intervention, a low rating implies a need for minor intervention to improve existing livelihood; medium implies that existing or introductory enterprises need moderate intervention; and high if existing enterprises need major intervention or if introduction of such requires moderate intervention. This analytical screening process enabled the identification of major projects preferred by the majority of the barangays. These are coconut oil processing, banana marketing, aquarium fish marketing, nursery, tamarind candy processing, and arrowroot production and processing.

Conclusions

In support of the passion of the community to sail through troubled waters, SEARCA conducted a comprehensive research of the affected communities of Calancan Bay and developed an Integrated Area Management Plan (IAMP) for the bay. Despite the presence of mine tailings, the ecological and economic potential of the area was identified to provide the spark to enliven the people's dreams of having a coastal environment characterized by ecological soundness, improved economic well-being, and an active community and local government in sustainable development efforts.

A number of lessons may be drawn from the Calancan Bay experience for the benefit of the scientific community, policymakers and/or planners, the local community, and other similar integrated coastal resource management efforts. Using the human ecological perspective, the following are worth looking into:

8 Evaluate and empower the community. Planning for any particular resource must always consider the actors and sectors that will influence the status and health of the resource. Efforts must be directed in identifying individuals and/or groups who are willing to take the lead in protecting their resource. With the CBRM approach that SEARCA has adopted in resource planning and management for Calancan Bay, the people were given the chance to take the lead role in designing the management plan. This approach implies long- term and genuine commitment among stakeholders in protecting their resource as indicated in the plan. Bu't commitment does not solely answer the sustainable management of the bay, the people must be empowered and acquire the necessary skills and knowledge in promoting sustainable management of the bay.

8 Manage the resources sustainably. The IAMP for Calancan Bay aims to provide a framework that will be used as guide for decision- and policymakers, particularly the local government units, to improve the quality of life through community-based, sustainable resource management strategies. In designing the plan, the potential and limitations of the Calancan Bay resource were identified to determine the optimum benefits that can be acquired from its limited natural

base, and at the salne time, minimizing resource and environmentnl degradation by regulating the use of its resources over time. Resolving the issue of jurisdiction/ownership and responsibility over the resources is a pre-condition for effective resource management. This is particularly significant with respect to the development and management of the causeway.

Due to budget limitations in the development of an IAMP for Calancan Bay, only the affected barangays of the mine tailings dumping were included in the plan. It is therefore suggested that a management plan for all the communities of Calancan Bay be developed in order to gain bay-wide commitment in protecting and enhancing the bay's resources. This opens windows for more research and collaboration between and among the local government units (LGUs) of Marinduque and research institutions in incorporating all the Calancan Bay communities in the plan, and in improving the planning strategies identified for the affected communities as well.

Re-engineer institutions for effective governance. Local institutions such as the local government units (i.e., provincial, municipal, barangay), people's organizations, national government agencies, and academic institutions based in the project area have been found to need further technical training and skills enhancement to make them effective partners in sustainable resource management. Institutional inadequacies have been evaluated in terms of number of personnel, technical knowledge, and logistical support (e.g., equipment, materials, funds). Within the communities, there is also an aversion to cooperative formation as channels for livelihood introduction and community development due to the stigma brought about by failed cooperatives in the area.

Innovate and apply appropriate technology. There have been various technologies identified in the IAMP for livelihood purposes and for the rehabilitation and protection of Calancan Bay. However, technological applications must be accompanied by appropriate regulations to ensure that the integrity of the bay and its resources are maintained.

Amid the constraints and difficulties, such as resource degradation, low fish' catch, lack of supplemental sources of income, and unsuccessful

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livcliliood ventures, there remain ripples of hope for the sustainable ~ii;~liagement of Calancan Bay. The IAMP that evolved through active efforts 01' the community and other stakeholders indicate tremendous opportunities ; I I K I challenges. Transforming ripples of hopes into waves of collective xtions requires no less than the commitment of various sectors. A coastal ~~nvironment characterized by ecological soundness, improved economic wcll-being, and an active commullity and local governments involved in sr~stainable development efforts is attainable. This publication is a modest ;I 11d small "ripple" toward this end.

References

( ' h a , T. E. and L.F. Scura (eds). 1992. Integrative Framework and Methods for Coastal Area Management. ICLARM Conference Proceedings 37.

I ;ood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1997. Report of the Workshop on Population Characteristics and Change in Coastal Fishing Communities. Madras, India.

Ikllizar, F.P., Jr. 1993. Community-Based Resource Management: Perspective, Experiences, and Policy Issues. ERMP, IESAM, UPLB.

I'hilippine Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD). Undated. Philippine Agenda 21: A National Agenda for Sustainable Development.

SEAMEO SEARCA and Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) . 1998. Integrated Area Management Plan for Calancan Bay. SEARCA, College, Laguna.

SEAMEO SEARCA and DENR. 1998. Environmental Profile of Calancan Bay. SEARCA, College, Laguna.

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