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Review: On Mouth Dissolving Tablet Presented By S. B. THOKE [M. PHARM] [DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS]

Review On Mouth Dissolving Tablet

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This presentation include methods of formulation of MDT. Various preformulation studies conducted & IPQC test.

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Page 1: Review On Mouth Dissolving Tablet

Review: On Mouth Dissolving Tablet

Presented ByS. B. THOKE [M. PHARM]

[DEPT OF PHARMACEUTICS]

Page 2: Review On Mouth Dissolving Tablet

Content’sContent’s --

Definition Significance Requirements of ODTs Formulation Methodologies Patented Technologies Superdisintegrants employed in ODT Evaluation References

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Definition

Fast Dissolving Tablets (FDTs) or “mouth dissolving tablets” (MDTs) which disintegrates or dissolves rapidly without water within few seconds in the mouth.

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According to European pharmacopoeia, these MDTs should dissolve/disintegrate in less than three minutes.

US FDA defined ODTs as “A solid dosage form containing medicinal substances or active ingredients which disintegrates rapidly within a few seconds when placed up on tongue”

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Mouth dissolving tablets are also called as

Orodispersible tablets (ODTs),

Fast disintegrating tablets,

Orally disintegrating tablets,

Quick disintegrating tablets,

Fast dissolving tablets,

Rapid dissolving tablets,

Porous tablets,

Quick melt tablets &

Rapid melt tablets.5

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Significance

It offer all advantages of solid dosage forms and liquid dosage forms along with special advantages, includes

It provide good stability, accurate dosing, easy manufacturing, small packaging size & easy to handle.

No need of water to swallow the dosage form. Easy to administer for paediatric, geriatric &

institutionalized patients. More rapid drug absorption from the pre-

gastric area which may produce Quick onset of action.

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Pre-gastric absorption of drug avoids hepatic metabolism, which reduces the dose and increase the bioavailability.

The risk of chocking or suffocation during oral administration avoided.

Good mouth feel property of MDDDS helps to change the basic view of medication as "bitter pill"

Patient’s compliance for disabled bedridden patients and for travelling and busy people, who do not have ready access to water.

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Requirements of ODTs

An ideal FDT shouldI. Dissolve / disintegrate in the mouth in matter

of seconds without water.II. Have sufficient mechanical strength and good

package design.III. Not affected by drug properties.IV. Effective taste masking technologies should be

adopted for bitter taste drugs.V. Leave minimal or no residue in mouth after

oral administration.VI. Exhibit low sensitivity to environment

condition such as humidity and temperature.8

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Formulation Methodologies

1. Freeze drying or lyophilization2. Molding3. Cotton candy process4. Spray drying5. Mass extrusion6. Nanonization7. Three-dimensional Printing (3DP)8. Compactiona) Melt granulationb) Phase transition processc) Sublimation

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9. Conventional methodsa)Dry granulationb)Wet granulationc)Direct compression

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1. Freeze drying or lyophilization

This process includes the removal of solvent from a frozen suspension or solution of drug with structure-forming additives.

Freeze-drying of drug along with additives imparts glossy amorphous structure resulting in highly porous and lightweight product.

MDTs formed by lyophilization have low mechanical strength, poor stability at higher temperature, and humidity

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2. Molding

Molded tablets are prepared by using water-soluble ingredients.

The powder blend is moistened with a hydroalcoholic solvent.

Molded into tablets under pressure lower than that used in conventional tablet compression.

Solvent is then removed by air-drying.

Molded tablets are very less compact than compressed tablets.

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3. Cotton candy process

This process involves formation of matrix of polysaccharides or saccharides by simultaneous action of flash melting and spinning.

Formed matrix is partially re-crystallized to have improved flow properties and compressibility.

This candy floss matrix is then milled.

Blended with active ingredients and excipients and subsequently compressed to FDTs.

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4. Spray drying

In this method hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed gelatin were used as supporting matrix.

Mannitol as bulking agent

Acidic substances (citric acid) or alkali substance (sodium bicarbonate) further increase disintegration and dissolution.

Sodium starch glycolate or crosscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrant.

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Disintegration time < 20 sec

This technology produces highly porous and fine powders as processing solvent is evaporated during process.

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5. Mass extrusion

Involves softening the active blend using the solvent mixture of water-soluble polyethylene glycol and methanol.

Subsequent expulsion of softened mass through the extruder or syringe.

To get a cylinder of the product into even segments using heated blade to form tablets.

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6. Nanonization

Nanomelt technology involves reduction in the particle size of drug by proprietary wet-milling technique.

Nanocrystals of the drug are stabilized against agglomeration by surface adsorption on selected stabilizers, which are then incorporated into MDTs.

Advantages For poor water soluble drugs. Fast disintegration/dissolution of nanoparticles . .. leads to increased absorption and bioavailability.Reduction in dose.cost effective manufacturing process. 17

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7. Three-dimensional Printing (3DP)

It is a rapid prototyping (RP) technology. Prototyping involves constructing specific layers that uses powder processing and liquid binding materials.

Loose powders in it was fabricated using 3DP process.

Based on computer-aided design models

TAG tablets seemed due to the rapid water penetration into the tablet resulting from the large pore size

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8. Compaction

a) Melt granulation

Powders are efficiently agglomerated by a melt able binder.

Advantages:- No water or organic solvents is needed.

For this, purpose high shear mixers are utilized.

Product temperature is raised above the melting point of binder by a heating jacket or by the heat of friction generated by impeller blades.

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It involves the use of a hydrophilic waxy binder (Superpolystate©, PEG-6-stearate).

Superpolystate© having melting point 33–37°C and a HLB value 9.

So it will not only act as a binder but will also help the disintegration.

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b) Phase transition process

In this compress powder containing erythritol (melting point: 122 °C) and xylitol (melting point: 93 - 95 °C), and then heating at about 93 °C for 15 min.

After heating, the median pore size and tablet hardness was increased.

Heating process enhances the bonding among particles leads to sufficient hardness of tablets.

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c) Sublimation

When inert volatile solid ingredients like ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, benzoic acid, camphor, hexamethylene tetramine, naphthalene, phthalicanhydride, urea and urethane were added to other tablet excipients.

Blend was compressed in to a table & finally subjected to sublimation resulting in highly porous structures.

Tablets produce by this method exhibit good mechanical strengthhigh, porosity (approximately 30%), dissolved within 15 seconds in saliva.

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Figure:- Steps Involved in sublimation23

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9. Conventional methods

a) Direct compression

Easiest way to manufacture tablets.

Tablet disintegration time can be optimized by concentrating the disintegrants.

Conventional equipment, commonly available excipients and a limited number of processing steps are involved in direct compression.

Also high doses can be accommodated and final weight of tablet can easily exceed that of other production methods.

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Below critical concentration, tablet disintegration time is inversely proportional to disintegrants concentration.

Above the critical concentration level, disintegration time remains approximately constant or even increases.

The major drawback of effervescent excipients is their hygroscopicity (i.e., the ability to absorb atmospheric moisture).

Another approach is the use of sugar‐based excipients (e.g., dextrose, fructose, isomalt, maltitok, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch hydrolyse, polydextrose, and xylitol).

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Which are having high aqueous solubility and sweetness.

It impart taste masking and a pleasing mouthfeel.

Microcrystalline cellulose, cross linked carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, cross linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone and partially substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, though water insoluble, absorb water and swell due to capillary action and act as effective disintegrants.

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b) Wet granulation

Acid component of the effervescent couple presented in the tablet with lower than 5%, quick disintegration times could be achieved.

In the patent, the formulation includes polyalcohols(e.g., mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, maltitol, erythritol, and lactitol).

1–30% of an edible acid & an active ingredient as the dry mixture wet granulated with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble or water-dispersible polymer (e.g., poly(ethylene glycols), carrageenan, and ethylcellulose).

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which consisted of 1–10% of the final weight of the granule in a fluid bed.

Granules with high porosity and low apparent density disintegration times ranging from 3 to 30 seconds in the saliva were obtained.

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c) Dry granulation

Low-density alkali earth metal salts or water-soluble carbohydrates were precompacted, and the resulting granules were compressed into tablets.

Powdered material with a density of 0.2–0.55 g/mL was precompacted to increase the density to 0.4–0.75 g/mL by applying a force ranging from 1 to 9 kN/cm.

The resulting granules were compressed into tablets.

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Patented TechnologiesPatented Technologies

OraSolv technology (Cima Labs) produces tablets by low compression pressureIt uses an effervescent disintegration pair that releases gas upon contact with water.

Acid sources Carbonate sourcesCitric acid, Tartaric acid, Malic acid, Fumaric acid, Adipic acid, and Succinic acids.

Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium carbonate, Potassium bicarbonate, and Potassium carbonate.

Widely used effervescent disintegration pairs

1. OraSolv technology

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The carbon dioxide evolved from the reaction may provide some “fizzing” sensation, which is a positive organoleptic sensation.

20–25% of total weight of tablet effervescent agent is used.

OraSolv tablets - soft and fragile nature.

PakSolv - Special packaging system “Dome-shaped” blister package Prevents the vertical movement of the tablet within the depressions. Protect the tablets from breaking during transport and storage also offers light, moisture, and child resistance.

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2. DuraSolv Technology

Developed by Ciba, second-generation technology.

Tablets have low friability, about 2% or less when tested according to the USP.

To Produce stronger tablets for packaging in blisters or bottles.

Hardness of the tablets - at least about 15–20 N.

Disintegration time is less than 60 seconds.

By Direct compression method tablets produce.conventional tableting methodologies & conven-tional package equipment are used.

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Direct compressible fillers – at least 85% of the particles are over 100 μm size. Have some of the gritty or sandy texture.

Key ingredients - Non-direct compression filler and lubricant.

Non-direct compression filler - particle size 20-65 μm. e.g. dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, & sucrose. advantage - quick dissolution and avoid gritty or sandy texture. 60–95% amount of the total tablet weight is used.

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Higher amounts (1–2.5%) of hydrophobic lubricants, such as magnesium stearate, can be added.

Relatively modest compressive force is needed to compress the formulation.

lubricant blending times can also be increased to 10–25 minutes or longer.

0.2–1% lubricant in conventional tablets.

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3. WOWTAB Technology

Patented by "Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. " WOW means "Without Water ".

In this process, API is mixed with a low mouldability saccharide and granulated with a high mouldability saccharide and compressed into tablet.

There is no single saccharide that can make tablets having both high strength and fast disintegration properties.

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High-moldability saccharides e.g. maltose, oligosaccharides, maltitol, & sorbitol.

Produce tablets with hardness above 2 kg when prepared under identical conditions.The typical high- moldability saccharides are

Low moldability saccharidese.g. lactose, mannitol, glucose, sucrose, and xylitol.

Tablets with hardness 0-2 kg, when 150 mg of such a saccharide is compressed under pressure of 10–50 kg/cm2 using a die 8 mm in diameter.

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4. Flashtab Technology

Excipients mixtureis prepared by either dry or wet granulation methods.

Prographarm laboratories have patented the Flashtab technology.

Drug micro granules may be prepared by using the conventional techniques like coacervation, micro encapsulation, and extrusion spheronisation.

Excipients used - two groups of components: 1] Disintegrating agents- carboxymethylcellulose or insoluble reticulated polyvinylpyrrolidone; and

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2] Swelling agents- carboxymethylcellulose, starch, modified starch, carboxymethylated starch, microcrystalline cellulose, and possibly directly compressible sugars.

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5. AdvaTab Technology

Patented by Kyowa Hakko KogyoLubrication is dispensed onto each tablet by using a spray.

Traditional tablets produced using an internal lubrication system, which disperses lubricant on the inside and the surface of the tablets, decrease tablet mechanical strength.

10–30 times less hydrophobic lubricant employed& 30–0% stronger than conventional tablets.Handle high drug loading and coated drug particles.

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6. Dispersible Tablet Technology

Lek in Yugoslavia was issued patents for dispersible tablets of dihydroergotoxine and cimetidine

Dihydroergotoxine is poorly water soluble in free base form.

Improved dissolution rate of dihydroergotoxine methanesulphonate was observed with dispersible tablets containing 0.8– 10%, preferably about 4% by weight, of an organic acids.

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Cimetidine formulated with one of disintegrating agent. It provides rapid swelling and/or good wetting capability to the tablets and thereby a quick disintegration.

Disintegrating agentse.g. starch or modified starches, microcrystalline cellulose, alginic acid, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and cyclodextrin polymers.

Combination of two or more disintegrating agents produced better disintegration results.

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7. Pharmaburst Technology

uses off- the-shelf coprocessed excipients, depending on the type of active and loading (up to 700mg), dissolves within 30–40 seconds.

Process involves a dry blend of a drug, flavor, and lubricant that are compressed into tablets on a standard tablet press with stock tooling.

Manufacture process can be carried out under normal temperature and humanity conditions.

The tablets can be packaged in blister packs or bottle.

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8. OraQuick technology

It utilizes a patented taste masking technology. KV Pharmaceutical claims its microsphere technology, known as MicroMask.

Taste masking process does not utilize solvents of any kind, it leads to faster and more efficient production.

Lower heat of production than alternative fast‐dissolving/disintegrating technologies makes OraQuick appropriate for heat‐sensitive drugs.

Matrix that surrounds and protects the drug powder in microencapsulated particles is more pliable. 43

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Tablets can be compressed to achieve significant mechanical strength without disrupting taste masking.

KV Pharmaceutical has products in development such as analgesics, scheduled drugs, cough and cold, psychotropics, and anti‐infectives

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9. Quick –Dis technology

Lavipharm Laboratories Inc. (Lavipharm) invented this ideal intraoral FDDS.

Thin, flexible, and quick‐dissolving film.

Quick‐Dis™ provided in various packaging configurations, unit‐dose pouches to multiple‐dose blister packages.

Film with a thickness of 2 mm have disintegration time 5 to 10 seconds & dissolving time, is around 30 seconds.

Typical release profile of API is 50% released within 30 seconds and 95% within 1 minute.

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10. Zydis technology

Zydis is a unique freeze dried oral solid dosage form. Dissolves in less than 3 seconds.

Drug is physically trapped in a water soluble matrix, and then freeze dried.

Thirteen products are currently available based on zydis technology.

In worldwide market, zydis formulations available for oxazepam, lorazepam, loperamide, and enalapril.

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Matrix contain excipients like1] Polymers (e.g., gelatine, alginates, and dextrin) to provide strength and rigidity to tablets; 2] Polysaccharides (e.g.,mannitol and sorbitol)to impart crystallinity and hardness to the matrix and to improve palatability; 3] Collapse protectants (e.g, glycin) to prevent the product from shrinking in its packaging during manufacturing or storage; 4] Flocculating agents (e.g, xanthan gum and acacia) to provide uniform dispersion of drug particles; 5] Preservatives(e.g., parabens) to prevent microbial growth;

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6] Permeation enhancers (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate) to improve transmucosal permeability; 7] pH adjusters (e.g, citric acid) to optimize chemical stability; 8] Flavours and sweeteners to improve patient compliance and 9] water to ensure formation of porous units.

In US, zydis products available-Claritin Reditab, Dimetapp Quick Dissolve, Feldene Melt, Maxalt-MLT, Pepcid RPD, Zofran FDT, and Zyprexa Zydis.

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11. Frosta technologyPatented by Akina.It utilizes core concept of formulating plastic granules and compressing at low pressure to produce strong tablets with high porosity.

Process involves mixing the porous plastic material with water penetration enhancer and granulated with binder.

Used for - aspirin, loratidine, caffeine, and folic acid, vitamins and dietary supplements.

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Super disintegrants

Commercially available grades

Mechanism ofaction

Special comment

CrosslinkedCellulose

Crosscarmellose®Ac-Di-Sol®,Nymce ZSX®Primellose®,Solutab®,Vivasol®, L-HPC

Swells 4-8 folds in < 10 seconds.Swelling andwicking both.

Swells in two dimensions.Direct compression or Granulation Starch free.

Crosslinked PVP

Crosspovidon M®Kollidon®Polyplasdone®

Swells very little and returns to original size after compression but act by capillary action.

Water insoluble andspongy in nature so get porous tablet.

Superdisintegrants employed in ODT

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Crosslinked starch

Explotab®Primogel®

Swells 7-12 folds in < 30 seconds.

Swells in three dimensionsand high level serve as sustain release matrix.

Crosslinked alginicAcid

Alginic acid NF

Rapid swelling in aqueous medium orwicking action.

Promote disintegrationin both dry or wet granulation.

SoyPolysaccharides

Emcosoy® Does not contain any starch or Sugar. Used inNutritional products.

Calcium silicate Wicking action Highly porous,Light weight.

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Marketed product of MDTs

Brand name Active ingredient Application company Claritin® RediTabs®

Loratadine Antihistamine Scherig corporation

Feldene Melt® Piroxicam NSAIDs Pfizer Maxalt® -MLT® Rizatritpan

benzoate Migrane Merck

Pepeid® ODT Femotidene Anti-ulcer Merck Zyperxa® Olazepine Psychotropic Eli Lilly Zofran® ODT Olandansetron Antiemetic Galaxo Smith

kline Resperdal® M-Tab TM

Resperidone Schizophrenia Janssen

Klonopin® wafer Clonazepam Sedation Roche Imodium Istant Melts

Loperamide HCL Antidiarrheal Jannsen

Nasea OD Ramosetoron HCl Anti-emetic Yamanouchi Tempra Quicksolv®

Acetaminophen Analgesic Bristol-M ters squibb

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Preformulation Studies

1. Bulk Density

Where : ρb - Bulk density, M- Weight of powder, and V- Volume of powder.

Formula

2. Tapped Density

ρt = M / Vt Formula

Where : ρt - Tapped density, M- Weight of powder, and Vt- Minimum volume occupied after tapping.

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3. Compressibility Index

Simplest way for measurement of flow of powder.

% C.I. = ρt – ρb/ρt x100 Formula

4. Hausner ratio

Hausner ratio is an indirect index of ease of powder flow. Lower the value of Housner ratio better is the flow property.

FormulaHausner ratio = ρt/ ρb

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Flow property % C.I. Hosner ratio

Excellent ≤10 1.00-1.11Good 11-15 1.12-1.18Fair 16-20 1.19-1.25

Passable 21-25 1.26-1.34Poor 26-31 1.35-1.45

Very poor 32-37 1.46-1.59Very, very

poor>38 >1.6

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5. Porosity

ε = ( 1 - ρapp / ρtrue) X 100 Formula

6.Voide Volume

FormulaV = Vb - Vp

ε- Porosity, ρapp- Apparent density, and ρtrue- True density.

Where,

V- Voide volume, Vb- Bulk volume, and Vp- Tapped volume.

Where,

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7. Angle of repose

ϴ = Tan-1 ( h / r ) Formula

Where,ϴ- Angle of repose, h- Hight of the heap, and r- Radius of the heap.

Flow property Angle of repose (degrees)Excellent 25-30

Good 31-35Fair- aid not needed 36-40

Passable- must agitate, vibrate

41-45

Poor 46-55Very poor 56-65

Very, very poor >6657

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Evaluation of Mouth dissolving

1. Thickness

Measured using Vernier calipers.

2. Hardness

Force required to break a tablet by compression in the radial direction. Pfizer hardness testers Monsanto hardness tester.

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20 tablets randomly take from lot and weighted individually to check for weight variation.

3. Uniformity of weight

Weight variation specification as per IP

Average weight of tablet % Deviation80 mg or less ±10

More than 80 mg but less than 250 mg

±7.5

250 mg or more ±5

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4. In-vitro dispersion time test

Drop a tablet in a beaker containing 50ml of sorrenson’s buffer pH 6.8 & time required for complete dispersion was determined.

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5. Friability test

Determined using Roche friability.Subjected to 100 revolutions (25rpm/minute).

f = (1- W0 / W) × 100Formula

Where,f- Friability, W0- Weight of the tablets before, and W- Weight of the tablet after the test.

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Time required for complete disintegration of tablets in oral cavity determined by administering tablets to 10 healthy volunteers.

6. In vivo Disintegration time

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7. Wetting time

Tablet is placed on a piece of tissue paper folded twice and kept in a Petri dish (ID = 6.5 cm) containing 6 ml of water, and the time for complete wetting is measured.

8. Water absorption ratio

R = 10 ( Wa /Wb)Formula

Where,R- Water absorption ratio, Wb- Weight of tablet before water absorption, & Wa- weight of tablet after water absorption.

This test performed as like wetting time

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9. Dissolution test

Dissolution study performed using USP II apparatus (paddal speed 50rpm).

USP monographs dissolutions conditions should be followed in addition 0.1N HCl, pH 4.5 & 6.8 buffers should be evaluated.

10. Stability study

As per ICH Q1A guidelines for accelerated studies. Tablets stored at 40±1ºC/75% ± 5% RH for 4 weeks.

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Afterword withdraw & analyse for physical characterization (visual defects, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution etc.) drug content.

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Promising Drugs to be incorporated In FDT

Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory AgentsAnti-Arrhythmic AgentsAnti-bacterial AgentsAnti-coagulantsAnti-EpilepticsAnti-Fungal AgentsAnti-Gout AgentsAnti-Hypertensive AgentsAnti-MalarialsAnti-Neoplastic Agents And ImmunosuppressantsAnti Protozoal AgentsAnti-Muscarinic AgentsAnti-Parkinson Agents

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Gastro-Intestinal AgentsHistamine H,-Receptor AntagonistsStimulantsLipid Regulating AgentsLocal AnaestheticsNeuro -Muscular AgentsNitrates And Other Anti-Anginal AgentsNutritional AgentsOpioid AnalgesicsOral VaccinesProteins, Peptides And Recombinant DrugsSex HormonesAnti-Thyroid AgentsAnxiolytic, Sedatives, Hypnotics And NeurolepticsTj-Blockers

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Cardiac Inotropic AgentsCorticosteroidsEnzymesDiuretics

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References

Prashant B Pawar, “MOUTH DISSOLVING TABLET: A REVIEW”, International Journal of Herbal Drug Research, Vol I, Issue II;2011, Page no.- 22-29.Debjit Bhowmik, “Fast dissolving tablet: A review on revolution of novel drug delivery system and new market opportunities” Scholars Research Library, Der Pharmacia Lettre, 1 (2); 2009, Page no.- 262-276. Alok Kumar Gupta, “Fast Dissolving Tablet- A Review”, The Pharma Innovation, Vol. 1(1); 2012, ISSN 2277-7695, Page no.- 1- 7. V. Dinesh kumar, “A comprehensive review on fast dissolving tablet technology”, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 01 (05); 2011, ISSN: 2231-3354, Page no.- 50-58. A. Gupta, “Recent Trends of Fast Dissolving Tablet - An Overview of Formulation Technology”, International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archives, 1(1); 2010, Page no.- 1-10.

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Velmurugan S., “Oral Disintegrating Tablets: An Overview”, International Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol.1 (2); Dec. 2010, Page no.- 1-12. P. Ashish, “A Review- Formulation of Mouth Dissolving tablet”, International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science, 1 (1); 2011, Page no.- 1-8. Bhupendra G Prajapati, “A Review on Recent patents on Fast Dissolving Drug Delivery System”, International Journal of Pharm Tech Research CODEN( USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304, Vol.1, No.3; July-Sept 2009, Page no.- 790-798. Mukesh P. Ratnaparkhi, “Review On: Fast Dissolving Tablet”, Journal of Pharmacy Research, Vol.2, Issue 1; January 2009, Page no.- 5-12. Tejvir Kaur, “Mouth Dissolving Tablets: A Novel Approach To Drug Delivery”, International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, ISSN- 0975-7066, Vol 3, Issue 1; 2011, Page no.- 1-7. Jaysukh J Hirani, “Orally Disintegrating Tablets: A Review”, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8 (2); April 2009, Page no.- 161-172

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Thank u…!

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